Kars

Kars is a city in Eastern Anatolia. It is most frequently visited as a jumping off point for travelers going to Ani, but it is a viable destination in its own right for its 19th-century Russian imperial buildings, and, of course, its role as the setting for Orhan Pamuk's famous novel Snow.

Understand

A small village on the Rideau River in Ottawa, Canada is named "Kars" in honour of General Sir William Fenwick Williams's defence of the town of Kars, Anatolia during the Crimean War.

Climate

Kars
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D       56 0     −5 −16       71 0     −3 −15       45 26     3 −8       15 49     11 −1       4.3 79     16 4       3.3 75     21 7       0 47     25 10       0 44     26 10       3.3 33     22 5       4.2 47     14 0       20 37     7 −5       59 2.4     −1 −12 Average max. and min. temperatures in °C Precipitation+Snow totals in mm
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D       2.2 0     23 3       2.8 0     27 5       1.8 1     37 17       0.6 1.9     52 31       0.2 3.1     61 39       0.1 2.9     69 44       0 1.8     77 50       0 1.7     78 49       0.1 1.3     71 42       0.2 1.8     58 33       0.8 1.4     44 24       2.3 0.1     30 11 Average max. and min. temperatures in °F Precipitation+Snow totals in inches

Kars is one of the highest cities in Turkey, at an altitude of about 2000 metres above sea level. This, coupled with its lack of maritime influence, causes the city to experience a hemiboreal climate, with short, mild to warm summers and long, frigid and snowy winters. It also features a storm season from April to June, which tends to be much more severe than other places in Turkey. Kars is one of the only cities in Turkey that is both far from the Black Sea and gets year-round, frequent precipitation.

Summers are short, and fairly warm during the daytime, and therefore the best time to visit the city. Despite this, nights are chilly, sometimes even cold, and nighttime temperatures can fall below 0°C even during summer. Rain is frequent but brief during this time of year, falling for around 15 days a month, even if it's usually a brief shower.

Winters are frigid with average night-time temperatures below -15°C (5°F), which means the average night-time temperature is colder than the coldest recorded temperatures of most temperate climates. Furthermore, temperatures vary a lot throughout winter making night-time temperatures below -25°C quite a common occurrence. Contrary to most Turkish climates, winter is the driest time in Kars, with occasional and fairly light snows distributed throughout the season. Nevertheless, the constant low temperatures allow Kars to accumulate massive amounts of snow, making travel in winter a rather tough task.

Spring and fall are short, chilly seasons, as March and November are basically extensions of winter. During spring, especially from May to mid-June, Kars enters its storm season, when afternoon showers and thunderstorms can erupt every day, with an average of 20-25 days of showers during May. This, coupled with its high altitude, makes Kars a very hail-prone city.

Read

Kars is the setting of Orhan Pamuk's novel Snow (ISBN 0-375-70686-0).

Get in

By plane

• 1 Kars Harakani Airport (Kars Harakani Havalimanı). (updated Jul 2023)

Anadolujet flies regularly between Ankara and Kars.

By bus

Most companies serve Kars – though you might need to change bus at either Erzurum or Iğdır, depending on where you come from.

There is a daily bus between Hopa and Kars, leaving Hopa at 10:30. It costs 200 TL (2022) and takes 6-7 hr with a stop for lunch.

The bus from Ardahan to Diyarbakir leaves at 12:00 and costs 200 TL (2024).

There are also buses from Doğubayazıt.

Buses usually stop at a 2 gas station (Kars unofficial bus station). (updated Jul 2024) near Kars or at 3 Kars İlçe Otogarı (bus station inside the city). (updated Aug 2024) and not at the bus station northeast of the city. The official bus station is occupied by stray dogs and no humans go near it. The buses will only drop you off there if you explicitly ask for it, but there are no taxis, humans, or any sort of facilities, so it is better to get off at the gas station.

By train

The Instagram Express Seeing that the exchange rates were rarely in their favour to achieve the everlasting dream of a Eurotrip on rails, many young Turks realized that their country has passenger trains, too, and, beginning from as early as 2016, but most intensely in 2019 and early 2020, started flocking, often in groups, into the Doğu Ekspresi (Eastern Express) for a night and day of fun, followed by a couple days of more fun in Kars and its surroundings, sharing umpteen pictures of their foray into the undervisited, vast eastern hinterlands on their social media accounts, and generating an ever increasing demand for doing, experiencing, and perhaps above all, sharing the same among others. A winter-themed decoration of the compartment the journey would be spent at, and calling ahead the local kebab shops in Erzurum for ordering a meal, warmly packaged and right on time to be handed at the station, became obligatory rituals of the phenomenon. The trip had become so insanely popular that the sleeping cars in particular were often fully booked months ahead, especially during January and February, when the universities are on a winter break. With an eye towards exploiting the unexpected market formed by an unprecedented passenger surge in one of its services running at a loss (as most conventional passenger lines in Turkey are), as well as fulfilling its foremost duty of providing subsidized transportation to those who really need it, the Turkish State Railways decided to decouple the sleeping cars with single- and two-occupant compartments (but not four-occupant couchettes) from the Doğu Ekspresi, and re-arrange them into the Turistik Doğu Ekspresi, a tourist train scheduled to maximize daylight hours spent at the most scenic parts of the route, with a couple of lengthened stops for sightseeing tours, but having a much heftier fare that would likely be a bit out of range of the average Turkish university student. That was right before Covid-19, and it remains to be seen whether any of this sudden, social media-driven popularity will survive now the pandemic measures are fully lifted.

The Doğu Express departs Ankara daily at 18:00, reaching Kars 26 hours later. The return train leaves at 08:00. There are couchettes and a buffet. Main stops along the route are Kayseri, Sivas, Erzincan and Erzurum. Buy tickets online from Turkish Railways.

There is also a more expensive "tourist" version of this train, running three times a week in winter. It makes long stops for sightseeing eastbound at İliç (for Kemaliye), Erzincan and Erzurum; the westbound train makes long stops at Divriği and Bostankaya. Total travel time Ankara-Kars is 30 hours, and you are tied to the train schedule without flexibility of stopover. The accommodation is in standard sleeping cars, which have been purloined from the conventional train, so the travel experience on that has been degraded.

There's also a daily regional trains from Akyaka, near the border with Armenia, which is of limited use for tourists.

Turkey’s rail link via Kars to Georgia and Azerbaijan opened in 2017 for freight only. As of 2024, passenger services between Ankara and Baku, via Kars and Tbilisi, initially planned with just one train a week, have not started yet.

• 4 Kars railway station (Kars garı). (updated Apr 2019)

Get around

There are a few taxis serving the city centre. It's a pretty small place so it's quite possible to cover it by foot.

See

view from castle

Kars has a large heritage of Russian architecture, locally known as the "Baltic style" of the townhouses on the old town's grid formed during the Russian occupation of Kars between 1878 and 1918.

• 1 Kars Castle (on the side of the hill facing the city). Open 24/7. One of the few sights to see within Kars. It's a short climb from the city centre, and is worth climbing for the view of the city. The castle was built in 1153, destroyed by Mongol invaders, and rebuilt in 1579. Admission is free. (updated Jul 2024)
• 2 Church of Apostles (Kümbet, or Kethuda Mosque) (just below the castle). also well worth a look. The building was built as an Armenian church in the 10th century, and upon capturing the city, the Ottomans converted it to a mosque in 1579. Later, when the Russians came over, it became a church again, this time serving Russian Orthodox believers. After the Turks took back the city, it served non-religious purposes for a time (such as a warehouse), and in 1998 was reconsecrated as a mosque. (updated Mar 2018)
• 3 Fethiye Mosque (Fethiye Camii). Built by the Russians in 1885 as a church, it has been converted into a mosque in recent decades. (updated Jan 2022)
• 4 Kars Museum (Kars Müzesi), Cumhuriyet Cd 315, ☏ +90 474 212 14 30. 08:00-17:00 (closed M). Free. (updated Dec 2023)

Buy

Gravier cheese is delicious! You can enjoy some from the shops near the castle. You can try the Soldier Souvenirs Passage on the main street with a lion statue sells stuff for rare collector's items.

Eat

A local speciality is goose (kaz), usually made into a stew.

• Ani Restaurant is a good local restaurant, located under Kar's Otel.
• Antep Pide & Lahmacun Salonu is popular with the locals, makes cheap and tasty pide.

Drink

• Yağmurcu Cafe Bar, Yusuf Paşa Mh. Küçük Kazımbey Cad. Kent Kulüp Altı. No:3. (On the corner of Küçük Kazımbey Cad. and Gazi Ahmet Muhtar Paşa Cad.), ☏ +90 5389571810. from 12:00 - 17:00 all hot and cold drinks half price. There is a rustic area at the entrance where you can drink and smoke. Inside is darker with tables, music and private rooms. 0.5L Effes 7TL, Nuts 5TL. 

Sleep

There are at least twenty hotels in the north central part of town, just south of the castle. Prices start around 100 TL per night and there are high-end options too. (May 2022)

• Hotel Kent, Hapan Mevkii 12, ☏ +90 474 223-19-29. Boutique hotel offering clean rooms with en suite bathrooms and comfortable beds. Lounge room with satellite TV and a refrigerator for guests. It's frequented by backpackers on their way to Ani, which makes it a good place for solo travellers to organize an excursion from. Taxi drivers know it. Double or twin 138 TL with breakfast. (updated Jun 2017)
• Hotel (Otel) Temel, Yenipazar Caddesi, ☏ +90 474 223 1376. Clean rooms with singles, doubles and triples, some with a good view. Central location within a few minutes' walk of Kars Castle. Breakfast included and free WiFi in rooms. Some staff speak English. Laundry service relatively expensive. If you are a female be cautious of the creepy guy who only speaks Turkish at the front desk, as he has been known to grope. 
• Hotel (Otel) Temel 2, Across the street from the other Otel Temel, on the side with shoe stores (not the main street side). Hotel Temel 2 is a nice hotel to stay in, with ensuite facilities, TV, and nice clean beds. It also comes with a breakfast, consisting of bread, cheese and honey. It's also suitable for the budget traveler. Somewhat unfriendly manager though, without any knowledge of English or any other language, but Turkish. 
• Kar's Otel, Halit Paşa Caddesi 79, ☏ +90 474 212-16-16. Boutique hotel housed in an old Russian building. €99. 
• Miraç Otel, Cengiz Topel Caddesi 19, ☏ +90 474 212-37-68. Musty old place down a side street. Staff are helpful but don't speak English. Breakfast is a sad excuse with yesterday's bread, a few olives and some white cheese. And the çay is weak! Double/Twin Room 70 TL (July 2018). 
• Bizim Otel, Faikbey Caddesi 198, ☏ +90 474 212-28-00. Decent budget hotel on the main strip. Rooms are clean (some have balconies overlooking the road) with small bathrooms. The guys on reception don't speak English, but the owner Savaş does and is happy to help out. Twin room 70 TL per night (July 2018). 

Connect

As of Dec 2020, Kars has 4G from all Turkish carriers, but there is no signal on the highways to town. 5G has not yet reached this area.

Go next

Ani

A visit to Eastern Anatolia is not complete without a visit to the ruins of the ancient Armenian city of Ani, 45 km east of Kars.

Daily bus departures from Kars in front of the Antik Cafe (corner of Faikbey Cd. and Gazi Ahmet Muhtar Paşa Cd.) at 09:00 in winter (see Ani article)

You can charter a taxi (100 TL, 2016) or get a guide (entrance fee €8 foreigners 2024). In summer, it is very easy to find travel mates to fill a taxi. In winter, you will most probably travel alone.

If you're on a tight budget you can also try hitch-hiking to Ani. Walk about 2 km out of town to the cross section where the street heads towards Ani (There are enough street signs to find it). There is not a lot of traffic on this road but eventually a local will stop for you.

Sarıkamış

Scots pine forest, Sarıkamış

1 Sarıkamış is a town 60 km southwest of Kars. The winter sports centre just outside the town is a favourite of a small but growing group of enthusiasts for its easy access, snow quality (often compared to the Alps), and long and highly scenic tracks amidst an old-growth Scots pine forest.

As with Kars, Sarıkamış was a part of the Imperial Russian Kars Oblast from 1878 to 1917. Therefore, a variety of sites from that epoch can be visited in the town or in its outskirts, such as the Yanık Kilise, a Russian Orthodox church converted to a mosque in 1970, and the hunting lodge of Nicholas II, the last tsar, although that building is known anachronistically after Catherine the Great by the locals.

Ardahan

Several minibuses to Ardahan every day, every hour from 8am (at least 8am, 9am, 10am, 11am). Departs from the minibus station (city center). About 1 hr 30 min.

Roughly in the same direction, an excursion to wintry Lake Çıldır is quite popular among the passengers of the "Instagram Express" (see above), for a horse-drawn sleigh ride over the frozen lake.

Artvin and Hopa

Bus every morning at 10:00 to Rize that stops in Göle, Artvin and Hopa from the minibus station (city center). The bus is run by Artvin Ekspres and departs almost everyday; check one day before just in case. This option is the best to reach Georgia through Batumi. As of July 2022, the price for the Kars-Hopa bus - on Artvin Ekspress - is 220 TL per person. The journey is about 6 hours to 7 hours with a break to eat around 14:00.

If the bus from Kars to Hopa does not run, first go to Ardahan by minibus and, from there, take the 12 hr 30 min to Hopa (35 TL).

The same bus continues onwards to Trabzon (45 TL from Ardahan).

Routes through Kars

Türkgözü/Vale ← Ardahan ←	N  S	→ Horasan → Ends at (W E)
Ankara ← Erzurum ←	W  E	→ END