Driving

Driving a car gives a traveller more independence and flexibility than scheduled transportation, such as air travel, rail travel, or bus travel, and may be faster or more comfortable than cycling.

Understand

Driving is often the fastest mode of transportation at distances between 10 kilometres (6 mi) and 100 kilometres (60 mi), unless there are traffic jams or the roads are in bad condition. In countries with a high speed rail network, however, driving between big cities is usually slower than using the trains. Within cities, public transportation and cycling often beat cars in terms of speed, due to congestion and problems of finding parking. Over small distances even walking can be faster. You might want to find cheap parking for your car for the time you are in the city, or rent a car only when leaving for the countryside. In sparsely populated areas public transport may be infrequent or non-existent, and in difficult terrain there may be no railway.

Driver's license

Most countries require you to have a valid license before you will be allowed to drive. Although this may or may not actually be enforced in the country you are visiting, you are still strongly advised not to drive without a valid license, as you could be subject to fines and possible imprisonment if caught, and any insurance policies you may have purchased will not cover you in the event of an accident.

In addition to having your driver's licence, you may need to satisfy age requirements, such as 18 years for driving a regular car or 21 for heavier vehicles or heavy trailers; for heavy vehicles there may be additional requirements.

Most countries allow foreign licenses, especially from neighboring countries and licences that follow international standards; for example Canada and the USA accept each others' licenses, as do the EU countries. Exceptions include China, where a domestic driver's licence is required.

If your domestic driver's licence fulfils the requirements of the international standard, it will be valid at least in countries who have signed it. If not, it is valid if accompanied by an International Driving Permit (IDP) as laid up in the convention. Some countries that have not signed the convention may nevertheless accept your licence accompanied by an IDP. There is also the ISO/IEC 18013, designed to replace the IDP, but it is not widely recognised.

The IDP is issued by an authorised body; usually it can be obtained from the automobile association in your country of residence. There are many resellers on the net, not all of them recognised, see a list of approved organisations. The IDP is valid for a stay of at most a year, and at most for three years from the issuing date. If your country is not part of the convention you may be out of luck.

If your stay in a country is much longer than a typical tourist's visit, you will often have to get a local license. This may involve simply exchanging your foreign license for a local one or going through the full courses and testing as a local who has no license would have to.

Signs and rules

The draw bridge warning sign is one of the several signs that remain text-only in the U.S.A. (left), while its equivalents under the Vienna Convention (right) display a symbol of an open draw bridge.

Straight ahead only: U.S.A. (left), Brazil (center) and Vienna (right). The Vienna convention uses a category of mandatory instructions, in most countries round signs with white symbols on blue background (the Brazilian variant is an option).

About half of the world, including most of Europe and Central Asia, and parts of Africa, follows the 1968 Vienna conventions on road traffic and on signs and signals (developed by the UN, based on the European tradition). If you are used to driving in one such country, most signs and rules will be familiar. The signs in these countries are mostly pictograms, which require no knowledge of the language. The meaning of some symbols may still not be self-evident, and additional signs may be textual, such as a parking sign having an addition of "residents only". Those who are not concerned by the main sign should not need to understand the auxiliary signs.

China is not a signatory to the Vienna convention but uses a system that is very similar.

Another important standard is the domestic US one (with state-specific variations), which has influenced much of the world. Australia, Canada and Mexico follow a system in this tradition, which for regulatory signs and warning signs relies more heavily on text in the respective national languages.

South America, South-East Asia, Ireland, Japan and New Zealand use different adaptions and mixtures of both the above traditions.

Car rental

Main article: Car rental

Renting a car is often more practical than bringing your own, but there are many things to watch out for. Check the small print and make sure to note initial condition of the car, not to be told to pay for earlier damage.

You usually pay per day (although long rentals may be cheaper), so you might want to plan on having a car just certain days.

In many cases the requirements for driving a rental car are higher than for a driver's license in and of itself. For example, there may be a higher age limit or the rental company may require a certain number of years of experience driving. If you have renewed you license recently, it might be wise to keep the old one to prove that you have, in fact, been driving for a longer time.

Insurance policies

Check your insurance; not all policies cover international travel and even those that do may not meet the requirements of a destination's regulations. You really do not want to find yourself having to appear in court because of an accident your insurance did not cover, especially when the court may be far from your home or may operate in a foreign language. Nor do you want bills your insurance does not cover, whether auto repair, legal or medical.

Border crossings

Passing from Austria to Italy by the Staller Pass: no border formalities, but driving in the mountains can be a challenge – and some roads are engineering feats. At 2,052 m, this pass is closed in winter, and due to the narrow road prohibited for caravans.

Some borders may be no problem to cross with your own car, but many rental contracts forbid driving to certain neighboring countries or even some regions and jurisdictions of the same country. You may also need more documentation than at home, e.g. proving ownership. Often you need a sign showing the nationality of your car. At some borders, you need to change the side of the road that you drive on.

Bringing a vehicle into some countries requires a Carnet de Passages; like the IDP this is usually obtained from the automobile association in your home country.

Road conditions

Road conditions and driving habits vary from country to country and between regions. If you will drive in winter or in mountains, check implications of winter driving. If you may be using unpaved roads or roads in bad condition, check what to expect, and also the fine print of your insurance and rental contracts. In sparsely inhabited areas navigating may involve some challenges and breaking down or losing your way is worse than near people. Have and use a map, and get your GPS working.

Fuel

Fuel prices vary considerably from one country to the next. While fuel is often cheap in oil-producing countries this is not so straightforward: Norway is a big oil producer with some of the world's highest prices for petrol, while in USA, which has to import much of its consumption, keeping gas prices down is politically important.

Because of different taxation across borders, filling up before crossing or getting over the border before filling up can save you money. Don't gamble with the last liters though.

When renting a car, you might want to know how thirsty your first choice is. In the USA this is measured as miles per gallon, while in most of Europe the measure is litres per 100 km. In the former case you want a big figure (such as 53), in the latter a small one (such as 4.5). Typical fuel efficiency varies between countries, as does what kind of driving is assumed for the measures, and the testing procedure itself (unified across the EU though).

Fuel quality also varies, and what different qualities are called. In many countries you can buy a type that suits your car where it is cheapest, while in others you may want to stick to the most reputable chains.

Diesel is commonly cheaper due to lower taxation in some European countries but it may be rare or unavailable in other countries. You can't drive a gasoline car with diesel or vice versa.

The type of service in fuel stations differs:

Full service — An attendant operates the pumps, often wipes the windshield, and sometimes checks the vehicle's oil level and tire pressure, then collects payment and perhaps a small tip.
Minimum service — An attendant operates the pumps. This is often required due to legislation that prohibits customers from operating the pumps.
Self service — The customer performs all required service. Signs informing the customer of filling procedures and cautions are displayed on each pump. Customers can still enter a store or go to a booth to give payment to a person.
Unstaffed — Using cardlock (or pay-at-the-pump) system, these are completely unstaffed.

Self-service stations are found in many developed high-wage countries like the United States, Canada and much of Europe, while full-service stations are commonly found (and are sometimes the only type of fuel station available) in many developing countries. There are several jurisdictions that do not allow self-service at gas stations for safety reasons – station attendants must be the ones to pump gas. These include Brazil, China, Turkey, South Africa, Uruguay, North Korea, a few other developing countries, and the state of New Jersey in the United States.

Parking

Parking can be a hassle, not least in cities. Parking rules differ between countries, and violation can give a hefty fine or having your vehicle towed away.

A parking disc is a clock-like ticket which indicates parking time. It is mandated in many European cities.

General information

Driving on the other side of the road

Driving in a country where traffic moves on the opposite side of the road takes a bit of getting used to, but lots of people manage it when they drive abroad, and you can too. If driving on the left (right), remember to make tight left (right) turns and wide right (left) turns, and to pass/overtake on the right (left).

Generally, countries that drive on the left use cars where the driver sits on the right side of the car, and vice versa. This puts the driver closer to the center of the road for better visibility. The windshield wiper controls and turn signals are typically on reversed sides depending on which side of the car the driver's seat is on. When you're still getting used to it, you'll probably turn the windshield wipers on by mistake a few times when you're trying to hit the turn signals. The brake and accelerator are not reversed; the brake is on the left and accelerator is on the right regardless. Likewise, the shift pattern stays the same regardless of the position of the driver, so in most manual transmission vehicles the first gear is to the left and forwards, the second gear is to the left and backwards, and so on.

Staying centered in your lane can be a challenge – drivers from right-side countries who are used to sitting on the left side of the vehicle will tend to instinctively veer to the left when sitting on the right side of a vehicle, and vice versa. Try looking through your side mirrors to get a sense of how close you are to the lines.

Transmission

While in North America, Middle East, East Asia, Oceania and Southeast Asia, most of the cars have automatic transmissions, in Europe, and South America most of the cars have manual transmissions, although in the wealthier countries in Europe, there is a gradual transition to automatic vehicles in the 2020s. Small European car rental agencies may not have any vehicles with automatic transmissions, and even at international rental agencies, supply of automatic vehicles can be limited to large and luxury vehicles.

Destinations

Africa

In Africa, most transport infrastructure is not developed, and it is hard to get around, even by car, in many places of Africa. Continued political instability and frequent regime changes in Africa will further underfund new road construction in Africa. If you do wish to drive in African countries, North African countries and South Africa do have generally good road networks in urban areas, but in many other countries in Africa, driving can be dangerous due to the poor condition of many road networks.

Morocco

Main article: Driving in Morocco

Comparatively easy to get to from Europe, by ferry from Spain. The mountains and deserts can be explored by car. Note temporary car import bureaucracy. The signs are similar to those in most of Europe; text is usually in French and Arabic.

Nigeria

Nigeria is not part of the most standard international Road Traffic Convention and as such will require either the Nigerian license or a special International Driving Permit valid only for driving in Nigeria, Somalia and Iraq – not the common IDP.

Réunion

Main article: Driving in Réunion

Much of the natural attractions including its pitons, cirques and mountains only accessible by car. Public transport only operates in cities, and such, driving is needed to experience the most out of the island.

South Africa

Main article: Driving in South Africa

South Africa is quite a large country, and a lot of the attractions are in rural areas. Therefore, public transport isn't good everywhere, and driving is popular.

Asia

New road construction has not always kept up with growing traffic, and congestion is a major problem, especially in urban centers. Still, a car is often a good and sometimes the only way to explore more remote areas. Bringing a car might necessitate a number of forms and permits; you will probably need an international driving permit and for some countries a Carnet de Passages for the vehicle. Mainland China requires their own driving licence.

In East Asia (countries like China, Japan, and South Korea), many places have good public transport and rail travel systems, and high-speed rail is often the preferred mode of intercity travel within a country in East Asia, so there is usually no need to drive. Southeast Asian countries (excluding Singapore) have a strong car culture; while public transport is available in large cities, a car is a preferred way to get around elsewhere (only Singapore has an extensive and good public transport system). In South Asia (countries like India and Bangladesh), as well as in West Asia (countries like Israel and Jordan), popular intercity bus systems serve most destinations of interest and buses are preferred a form of public transport there, but in some West Asian countries like United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia, strong car culture does occur. In Central Asia, transport infrastructure, such as highways, are underdeveloped, and travelling by car is challenging.

All of Asia is part of Asian Highway Network, the Asian continent counterpart of the European network or the Interstate Highway System. While a number of countries in Central Asia, such as Uzbekistan, are part of European route network, road signs in many Asian countries do not identify E-routes. Some, such as North Korea and Turkey, do not identify AH-routes.

China

Main article: Driving in China

You must have a Chinese license to drive in China. Driving in China is also chaotic, so it is often wise to hire a driver or take taxis to get around. If you do want to drive in China, though, a lot of information about how others drive is very useful. China's major cities generally have good public transportation networks, so you are highly advised to make use of those instead when possible.

Hong Kong

Main article: Driving in Hong Kong

Hong Kong, part of China, has the highest use of public transport anywhere in the world and its public transport network is among the world's best. As a result, rental cars and driving are rare and parking is expensive and difficult to find, especially in Hong Kong's centre and in Kowloon, and is also susceptible to frequent traffic jams. A car is only useful in some areas, such as parts of the New Territories.

India

Main article: Driving in India

The rail network of India is the third largest in the world, and the rail system is efficient, if not always on schedule. Tracks running well over 60,000 km help connect over 7,500 stations, ferrying nearly 20 million people every day and connect major cities like Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad and Pune. However, driving a car or taking India's extensive network of buses can be done especially where railways do not operate, especially needing your car to go to the countryside, or using India's extensive network of buses to get to destinations like Sarbhan.

When driving in India, it is best to avoid driving in major cities. Traffic accidents are very common, including driver deaths, especially in major cities. Wrong-way driving, potholes, overloading and speeding are very common issues. Also, the pollution caused by cars and other private vehicles are a severe problem.

Indonesia

Main article: Driving in Indonesia

Driving in Indonesia is generally not recommended due to atrocious driving habits and variable infrastructure, but doable. While high-speed toll roads exist across Java and Sumatra, and in parts of Bali, Kalimantan and Sulawesi, most other highways in Indonesia are two-lane paved roads with homes and businesses by the roadside. Road signs are a mix of European and American standards. While there is a strong car culture, the most common vehicle in Indonesia is the motorcycle. Congestion is a serious problem especially in Jakarta, and the highways can become congested during the Eid al-Fitr exodus (mudik).

Israel

Israel's extensive network of buses is all you'll need to get to well-known destinations like Tel Aviv and Jerusalem, and even smaller towns usually see some service, though it may be less frequent. Local public transport in Israel is also generally good, but Israeli rail travel services are generally lacking (Israeli rail services generally serve Tel Aviv and surrounding areas only). However, when going to places like the countryside, small towns that are poorly served by public transport or intercity bus travel, or lesser-known destinations, a car may be useful, but try to avoid destinations like the Palestinian-controlled Gaza Strip as they are war zones.

If you wish to drive in Israel, stay up-to-date with the current security situation and follow the travel advisories first on which destinations to avoid, then get an International Driving Permit (IDP) or an Israeli licence (the latter option is for permanent residents), and you may rent a car.

Japan

Main article: Driving in Japan

With an efficient and very punctual rail network, driving in Japan is not necessary but doable, especially when going into rural destinations public transport doesn't cover well.

Kazakhstan

The transport infrastructure of Kazakhstan is underdeveloped, and it is mostly hard to get around, even with a car. That being said, a car is necessary to get around smaller cities and the countryside in Kazakhstan, but the roads can be in poor condition, due to many of the roads not being paved since the Soviet times. Road signs do follow international conventions and are inherited from the Soviet times. If you do road trips in Kazakhstan, don't expect any locals to speak any language other than Kazakh or Russian.

Macau

Macau, part of China, has very limited space when it comes into driving; you should not drive in Macau. Instead, punctual buses should be used instead of driving whenever possible.

Malaysia

Main article: Driving in Malaysia

Since public transport is usually not good in Malaysia, cars are very popular, and a car is necessary if you wish to go out of major cities of Malaysia. A car is also useful for crossing from Malaysia into Thailand, as neighbouring Thailand has infrequent public transport outside of major cities. However, it is generally not recommended to drive a car crossing from Malaysia to Singapore, as Singapore has a good public transport network, and Singapore can be reached from Malaysia by bus.

North Korea

Private transport is strictly forbidden in North Korea. All your transport needs will be dealt with by your tour company. Most of the time this means buses, although tour groups visiting remote sites (e.g. Paekdusan, Mount Chilbo) occasionally use chartered flights by Air Koryo. Wandering around on your own (including driving your own car) is not allowed, and you are required to have a guide to escort you at all times.

Pakistan

Although Pakistan has a strong car culture, it is generally not recommended to drive in Pakistan. Many drivers are untrained and unlicensed, and driver aggression is common there. Drivers frequently disregard speed limits, stop signs and traffic lights. If you do wish to get around Pakistan by car, make sure you choose a good driver, or consider training and licencing before renting a car instead (but before renting a car, you need an International Driving Permit (IDP) or a Pakistani driving licence).

Philippines

Main article: Driving in the Philippines

Almost all foreign travellers can drive in the Philippines up to three months, where applying for a Philippine driver's license is necessary for long-term stays.

As a former American colony, the Philippines has a vibrant car culture, though there are more motorcycles than cars and rental motorcycles are much common than rental cars. Major highways may be up to international standards, but roads can be narrow and congested, and take you to the middle of villages and towns. Driving in the Philippines is nerve-racking, with reckless passing, speeding and dangerous lane changes, and motorcyclists anywhere. Most large cities have good public transportation (trains, buses, jeepneys), and there is a good network of airlines and buses for long-distance travel: visitors are suggested to take them instead.

Russia

Main article: Driving in Russia

Russia is the largest country in the world, and many of the areas, including many metropolitan areas, are poorly served by all means of transport, even by car. While a car is necessary to get around the countryside and small to medium-sized cities, it's best to know where you're going so you don't end up on routes like the Kolyma Highway; minor and remote roads may be in very bad shape.

South Korea

Main article: Driving in South Korea

South Korea is home to the automobile companies Kia and Hyundai, both of which have a worldwide presence. Although intercity rail and intercity bus systems in South Korea serve most parts of the country, in some areas, a car may be needed, especially in areas where public transport is not available.

Thailand

Main article: Driving in Thailand

Thailand has a strong car culture, but beware that traffic jams can occur in Bangkok and other large cities! In those cities, it is strongly advised that you take public transport.

Vietnam

Main article: Driving in Vietnam

In Vietnam, a car is essential to get around in smaller cities and the countryside. However, much of the country's road network is in poor condition, causing a high rate of accidents. Any communication with police and emergency services may be difficult without knowing a bit of Vietnamese. As a communist country, the government prefers public transport over private transport, but many places in Vietnam are poorly served by public transport. Even in big cities like Ho Chi Minh City, public transport is not good and is subjected to overcrowding.

Vietnam follows the 1968 Vienna conventions, like, for example, most of Europe and Central Asia, so most rules and signs will be familiar to those who have driven there.

Europe

Main article: Driving in Europe

Europe generally has good road networks, although high population density means that there can be a lot of other cars on the road, making driving more difficult, and there are remote areas where roads are in bad condition. Driving in cities is often problematic and there is good public transportation, so a car is usually needed only for the countryside.

In most countries the signs and rules follow the 1968 Vienna conventions.

Oceania

In Oceania, especially in Australia and New Zealand, road networks are in good condition. Most adults in Oceania drive to get around their respective cities.

Australia

Main article: Driving in Australia

Australia has a strong car culture, and most adult Australians drive to get around their respective cities. While public transportation is available in the larger cities, a car is essential to get around in smaller cities and the countryside.

Much of Australia's population lives in a relatively small area on the southeast coast, and travel between the southeastern coastal cities of Brisbane, Sydney and Melbourne is possible if you have a few days or longer. However, to get to Perth, you have to travel great distances across Australia's outback country.

The traffic signs are similar to the US MUTCD.

New Caledonia

Main article: Driving in New Caledonia

Much of the world's best scuba diving sites can only be reached by car, and a car is also necessary to explore the mountain ranges of Grande Terre.

New Zealand

Main article: Driving in New Zealand

Cars are very popular in New Zealand, and a car is necessary if you want to see New Zealand's beautiful countryside.

New Zealand uses a mixture of the US standard and the Vienna conventions in its signage.

North America

Although Germany is the birthplace of the automobile and its inventor, Karl Benz, the United States is the first country to embrace consumerist car culture. With American influence, car culture spread north to Canada, and south into Mexico and Central America, and as a result, most adults in North America (generally in Canada, United States, Mexico) drive to get around their respective cities. If you do not want to drive, popular intercity bus systems (like Greyhound for example) serve most destinations of interest (but be careful that there is little security), as much of the rail network in North America is generally built for freight (although passenger rail travel is experiencing a revival in North America starting in the 2020s).

The United States is also the birthplace of MUTCD, which has influenced road signage across the Western Hemisphere, including North America.

Canada

Main article: Driving in Canada

Like its neighbour to the south, Canada has a strong car culture. As Canada is rather sparsely populated, cars are necessary to get around the countryside and small to medium-sized cities. Most of Canada's roads are in the south, due to the low population density and extremely cold weather in the north.

Mexico

Main article: Driving in Mexico

Mexico has a strong car culture like its neighbour to the north. Cars are necessary to get around the countryside and small to medium-sized cities.

United States

Main article: Driving in the United States

The United States is the country where cars dominate the most, and must be used if you want to get the best idea of the American countryside, its history, and important destinations throughout. Since the United States is large, especially when compared to its population, there are opportunities to "hit the road" and be far from busy highways, or opportunities to get off the road altogether. With very few exceptions, even major cities like Los Angeles, Detroit, Miami and Houston tend to be poorly served by public transport, and having a car is generally the best way to get around. The contiguous United States has good and well-maintained network of Interstate Highways, making it a breeze to drive between nearby major cities.

South America

Popular intercity bus systems serve most destinations of interest, but by car you can reach also places that aren't served (or are badly served) by public transport. Expect busy traffic in large cities and extremely variable road conditions in the countryside.

For traffic rules and signs, most countries in South America have adopted some mixture of the US standards and the UN ones (the 1968 Vienna conventions). To what degree they follow each varies.

Argentina

Main article: Driving in Argentina

You need an International Driving Permit (IDP) or an Argentinian licence to drive in Argentina. As Argentina is a large country, even metropolitan areas like Mar del Plata and Tucumán are poorly served by public transport (other than intercity buses), so consider driving to experience the beauty of most of Argentina.

Brazil

Main article: Driving in Brazil

In Brazil, there is a strong car culture, due to the poor quality of public transport in most major cities. A car is preferred to get around Brazil outside of major cities.

Chile

Main article: Driving in Chile

Chile is a country where getting the driving license is the most difficult phase. You need to proof that you have the national identification number and you have completed basic studies in order to obtain a Chilean driving licence.

Paraguay

There is a large extensive network of highways in Paraguay; Paraguay is good for driving, especially where buses do not operate.

Peru

As Peru lacks any high-speed rail lines, the country's extensive network of buses, or driving a car, are generally the only ways to get around Peru. A car is more recommended for exploring the countryside, as public transport may be less frequent in many parts of rural Peru.

International Driving Permits are accepted, as are some foreign licenses depending on the country.

Uruguay

Uruguay's extensive network of buses is all you'll need to get to well-known destinations like Colonia, Montevideo, and Punta del Este, and even smaller towns usually see some service, though it may be less frequent. But a car is useful for exploring the countryside, and for avoiding time-consuming connections when traveling around the country's interior (most bus lines radiate out from Montevideo).

International Driving Permits are accepted, as are some foreign licenses depending on the country.

Venezuela

A large and paved road network (which comprises approx. 82,000 km) make Venezuela an attractive country for exploring with your own car. Many roads are in good condition but there are also gravel and dirt roads for which an off-road vehicle is recommended – especially during the rainy season from May to October. If you do wish to drive in Venezuela, consider knowing some Spanish.

Stay safe

Frogs

Cows

Bears

In some areas you have to look out for wildlife and livestock.

Road safety differs much between countries. In some, roads may be of very bad quality, with potholes or damaged sections with no warnings, in some the climate poses a challenge, in some reckless driving is common. With proper preparation, some of the dangers can be mitigated or minimised, and in some countries, it may be better to leave the driving to the locals. Avoid unsealed roads if possible, particularly of those close to the equator.

A general rule is to always behave predictably: use blinkers, never turn by a sudden thought, never suddenly accelerate when approaching a crossroads. That way others can compensate for things you do oddly. At home you can get away with less carefulness, but the less familiar the environment, the bigger the risks.

Bikers

If you are unused to bikers, watch out! Rules differ by country, but there are several dangerous situations. The main thing is that you should behave predictably and look for them – if you only look for cars before turning or opening a door, you may kill a fast cyclist you didn't notice.

In city traffic, cyclists may well be faster than you. Often they use the right edge of the road or lane, and especially when you slow down to turn or park, they may close in in no time. Make sure to use your blinkers and to specifically look for them. Never forget one you see, thinking they are too far to matter. Always check for cyclists before opening a door.

In some countries cyclists may be allowed to use the left side of the road (or cycle in the opposite direction on unidirectional roads) and thus surprise you. Sometimes they do even if not allowed to. An especially hazardous situation is when there is a bidirectional cycleway on your side of a street you are going to cross. Remember to look also for those to your right on the cycleway. (The other way around where you drive to the left).

In countries were cycling is common, you often have several categories: old or less fit people cycling at jogging speed and those racing faster than city car traffic. Some may follow rules precisely, and trust you to do the same, while others may be totally ignorant. Don't trust your first impression of biking in the country.

Fatigue

Fatigue can be fatal. If you are driving for many hours in a row, take a break to get some fresh air, stretch your legs and most importantly switch off from driving for a bit. If you drive into the night or early morning, not only is it more dangerous due to it being dark but there is every chance you can start to nod off. If you leave early in the morning or don't have a lot of sleep before heading out, you should be aware that you may not be at your sharpest. Caffeine can only help so much: the only real cure for fatigue is sleep.

Phone

Most people use their phones to navigate. Do not let your phone distract you. A dashboard-mounted phone holder will help minimize hazards arising from navigating or talking on the phone. Talking over the phone, taking a look at the map or changing a setting still distracts you; pull over for anything that requires looking away from the road for more than half a second, and if you use those half-seconds often, you'd better take a break or find a human navigator.

Sometimes talking helps with fatigue or is otherwise necessary. Make sure you can ignore the phone at any moment to concentrate on driving – if your talking companion doesn't understand that need, don't talk to them while driving. Likewise, small talk keeps you awake, while anything that upsets you or requires serious thinking is away from your concentration.

Crime

In some areas, automotive vandalism or theft can be quite common. To mitigate risk, keep your doors locked when you are away from the car or when the car is in motion, and the windows up when possible. Keep valuables on your person, or out of view in the trunk or glovebox if that is not practical. In some areas, criminals may try to siphon off gas from your car, install credit card skimmers at gas station pumps, or offer to "protect" your parked car for a fee (and damage your car if you park there without paying them). Some more modern cars are equipped with anti-theft systems that can send an alert to your phone if it detects unusual activity – but if you are a bit farther away, professionals are long gone before you arrive, and false positives may be frustratingly common.

Severe weather

If you are going to drive in the Arctic, in winter in temperate climates or in mountains (including mountain passes), you should acquaint yourself with advice for winter driving. The roads will be slippery, sight may be reduced (snow can cause "whiteouts" where you hardly see ten metres) and getting stuck will make you have to cope with cold weather.

Dense fog may actually be the deadliest weather phenomenon you encounter, as it drastically reduces visibility and thus causes traffic accidents. Sometimes there is fog only in valleys or by bodies of water; when driving downhill visibility can be abruptly reduced unless you are alert.

Flooding can trap you. Driving on a road covered with water is dangerous as judging the depth and the condition of the road (which may have been damaged) is difficult. Water can destroy the engine by abruptly cooling parts of it, and if deep enough (about 60 cm, two feet) even sweep away the car.

Mountains and remote areas

Check-up. Before driving through mountainous terrain, especially after the cold winter months, your car may need extra attention. Make sure that the vehicle's brake and transmission fluids are filled.
Warn friends or relatives where and for long you are leaving. Tell a hard deadline when they should initiate a search. Take into account that you may not have phone coverage in some areas. Also tell people that could get nervous if they cannot reach you.
Maps and route. In remote areas small roads may not be mapped completely or accurately. Or the opposite: an unpassable road in a bad condition might be mapped as good quality asphalt tertiary road. To avoid a wrong turn, plot out your trip on an old-fashioned paper map before you depart.
Fuel. Many people don't realize that climbing steep grades requires much more fuel than a typical drive. Also, fuel stations and cell coverage can be sparse.
Use brakes sparingly.
Downshift before extreme downgrades, to use the engine for braking.
Watch your temperature gauge.
Stay alert and on your side of the road.

Motion sickness

Motion sickness is most likely to affect children and young people. Vulnerable individuals should get medication, or at least keep eyesight on the outdoor environment.