Sea kayaking

Sea kayaking is popular around the world anywhere there are large open bodies of water to be explored: lakes, bays, calm rivers, estuaries or the ocean. Although sea kayaks come in variety of styles, they generally are different then their white water cousins in that they trade off the maneuverability for higher cruising speed, cargo capacity, ease of straight-line paddling and comfort for long journeys. Canoes are an alternative for many of the areas accessible by sea kayak, but less suitable for unsheltered waters.

Sea kayaking is open to people of all skill levels, from renting a kayak to paddle around a small lake, to months long journeys into complex marine conditions. It is often combined with wilderness backpacking for exploring otherwise difficult to access wilderness areas and allows access to fishing areas that might otherwise be inaccessible. Kayaks are also popular to bring along when cruising on small craft, allowing boaters to go ashore or generally give access to areas that larger boats won't fit.

Understand

Contemporary sea kayaks trace their origin to the native boats of Alaska, northern Canada, and Southwest Greenland. Inuit hunters developed a fast seagoing craft to hunt seals and walrus. The ancient Aleut name for a sea kayak is Iqyak, and earliest models were constructed from a light wooden frame (tied together with sinew or baleen) and covered with sea mammal, (sea lion or seal) hides. Archaeologists have found evidence indicating that kayaks are at least 4000 years old. Wooden kayaks and fabric kayaks on wooden frames (such as the folding kayak Klepper) were dominating the market up until 1950s, when fiberglass boats were introduced, while modern plastic kayaks first appeared in 1984.

Prepare

Kayaks

Sea kayaks come in several different styles, materials and configurations. They are designed to accommodate one to three paddlers together with room for camping gear, food, water, and other supplies. A sea kayak usually ranges anywhere from 10–18 feet (3–5½ meters) for solo craft, and up to 26 feet (8 meters) for tandem craft. Width may be as little as 21" (50 cm), and may be up to 36" (90 cm).

Expedition sea kayaks – strength of modern materials such as fiberglass, rotomolded plastic and carbon fiber eliminate the need for an internal frame, though significantly increasing weight. Modern skin-on-frame sea kayaks constructed with nylon skins represent an ultralight niche within the rigid sea kayak spectrum. These offer excellent cargo and tacking and are suitable for long distance kayaking.
Solo kayak, with packing hatches fore and aft, and net for deck storage
Recreational sea kayaks – shorter sea kayaks with wide beams and large cockpits intended for shorter voyages. Less maneuverable than their white water cousins and offer less cargo space and tracking than standard sea kayaks these kayaks are popular for short term voyages, non overnight exploring and complex waterways where maneuverability is more of a premium.
Sit on top kayaks – popular for some users that require quick exiting and entering and can be suitable for sea use. They are usually used for shorter term voyages where cargo space is less of a premium.
Folding kayaks – Folding kayaks are in some ways more traditional boats, being similar in design to skin-on-frame kayaks used by native people. Modern folding kayaks use contemporary materials such as aluminum for the frame, and replace the sealskin covering with synthetic waterproof fabrics. Unlike native kayaks, folding kayaks can be easily disassembled and packed for transport. Many folding kayaks include inflatable sponsons that improve the secondary stability of the vessel, helping to prevent capsize. More recently, a class of inflatable folding kayaks has emerged, combining a more limited rigid frame with a tightly inflated skin to produce greater rigidity than an inflatable boat alone.
Inflatable kayaks – have a distinct advantage over other types of kayaks in that they can be deflated and packed away in small areas. Popular with travelers that want to bring a kayak along on an outing but lack space or logistics to manage a larger hard shell kayak. Often very stable but lack the tracking and storage of larger kayaks.

Equipment

Besides an actual sea kayak there are a number of pieces of equipment that are needed for an excursion.

Life Jacket is the most important piece of equipment and can make the difference between life and death.
Paddle is the propulsion device and must be carefully selected. It may be made of wood, aluminum, plastic, or composite materials. Two-piece take-apart paddles are also available in all three materials and make for good emergency back up paddles.
Spray skirt fits around paddler and the kayak opening to prevent waves from entering kayak.
Flotation in both ends of boat - air bags or bulkheads help keep kayaks floating even in an emergency.
Bailing device can be as simple as a plastic cup or large sponge to remove excess water.
Rain gear and hat hopefully small enough that packs away nicely
Warm change of clothes in case of an emergency
Fresh water
Dry bags keep supplies dry, expensive solutions are available but can be as simple as a plastic bag. Consider bringing several smaller bags rather than one large bag for ease of packing on longer journeys.
Tide tables when paddling in the open ocean
Other basic camping/outdoor items, such as whistle, waterproof matches/lighter, flashlight, sunglasses and sunscreen, knife, Compass, Charts of area, basic first aid kit and extra food

Other equipment is optional but may be required in some instances

Paddle leash - prevents paddles from being lost in an emergency
Paddle float - for self rescue
Flares - for signaling for help in an emergency
Tow line - for assisting others in an emergency
Waterproof gloves - help keep hands warm when paddling in colder weather
Navigation lights are required in some areas when kayaking between sundown and sunrise or when visibility is reduced, a white light visible over 360° is preferable, but a watertight flashlight may be acceptable.

Stay safe

You should of course have adequate equipment, including suitable clothing and means of getting help.

It is paramount to know the basic rescue and self-rescue techniques. Although keeping a kayak on its keel is not as difficult as it seems the first time you try to enter one, a breaking wave can easily turn you over. Unless you succeed in rolling up again, you should be able to get out, catch the kayak, get rid of most water in it and enter it again, regardless of conditions. You should also know how to get somebody to the shore without his or her kayak.

Tides and currents

Though invisible, the current has great impact on kayaking. On the ocean, the current changes direction subsequent to the tides. This can either slow you down and/or cause you to drift far from your itinerary. The amplitude of tides can sometimes rise above 6 meters and even moderate tides, of less than a metre, can cause very dangerous currents in some regions. Currents can occur also in seas without tides, resulting from shifting wind and air pressure. The local currents do not always point in the same general direction as the tides or the wind, as islands and sea floor topography have significant influence.

Recreational kayakers can maintain on average a speed to 2 to 3 knots (3.5 to 5.5 km/h). Currents between 1 and 4 knots are then regarded as average, while currents above 4 knots are significant.

Wind

Some regions have prevailing and constant winds that can be easily forecasted. Wind has a drift effect similar to the current and can also rapidly decrease its ambient temperature. Sudden wind-blasts provoke strong, sometimes breaking waves and can cause you to drift very far from the banks. Great care should be taken when interpreting weather forecasts.

Waves

In open waters there are often waves. However, they may not always behave like one would expect. Especially in shallow areas the sea floor topography affects the direction and speed of wind waves and swell, which may cause cross sea and breaking waves. "Shallow" here means less than half a wavelength of depth, about 5 m with 1-m-high wind waves; swell has relatively greater wavelength (as it originates from large waves), which explains surf caused by swell that is invisible off shore. A steep shore can reflect waves, also causing cross sea and sometimes standing waves.

Temperatures

By Pleneau Island off the Antarctic Peninsula

Consider the water temperature rather than just the air temperature when choosing clothing. Layers of quick-dry clothing are ideal, and hats, sunglasses and sunscreen are highly recommended. For footwear consider wearing sturdy, strap-on sandals or water shoes.

8 °C (46 °F) is a critical threshold. A forced plunge in water below 8°C can provoke hypothermia within minutes. Swimming in water between 8 and 15°C, though uncomfortable, is tolerable: you can remain alive and active for quite some time.

Environment

The natural environment in which an excursion takes place should not be taken lightly. Camping conditions, the presence of dangerous animals, evenness of terrain, and its remoteness can each trigger or influence minor incidents that could take on catastrophic dimensions.

Maritime traffic

Traffic can be dense on large, navigable channels and along certain coastlines. Cargo ships in these areas are obliged to adhere to exact routes, leaving them with no room to maneuver around you. It is your responsibility to steer out of their way. The crew of these huge ships cannot detect you on their radar, cannot spot you when beyond a distance of 3 km (2 miles) (and that in clear weather), and lose sight of you again when you are closer than a half mile to their ship. Also fast recreational vessels are a danger. You can often avoid traffic by keeping to shallower water and crossing fairways quickly.

Know your rights and obligations as a pleasure boater and respect the navigational regulations in order to avoid collisions. Make sure that you are well seen and heard. To this effect, the color of your kayak and your PFD can play an important role. Kayaks come in a variety of bright colors not for reasons of style but because the bright colors make them more visible to other boaters. Yellow, orange and red are the colors that are the most visible on water. Signalling devices should always be within hand’s reach.

Destinations

Africa

Asia

Indonesia
- Komodo National Park with dozens of uninhabited islands within and just outside the park. Many of these are only accessible by unmotorised vessels such as expedition style sea kayaks and stand-up paddleboards (SUPs).
Thailand
- Ao Phang Nga National Park, known for its limestone rock formations. More than 40 islands with beautiful cliffs, caves and the largest remaining mangrove forests in Thailand.

Europe

Scotland — Oban is a town in Argyll and Bute. It is known as the seafood and sea kayaking capital of Scotland. It is also shopping and drinking capital of the west coast of Scotland, and home to the excellent namesake whiskey.
Finland — Sea kayaking is a great way to discover countless islands of the Archipelago Sea, the other archipelagos along the coast or, e.g., the Saimaa freshwater archipelago. Very good conditions for sea kayaking and equipment rentals are also in Raseborg (with Ekenäs Archipelago National Park), Ingå and Helsinki.

See also: Boating on the Baltic Sea

North America

Canada — The Inuit peoples of Northern Canada (and/or Greenland) invented and still use a type of kayak and for some places it is the best or in fact only way to get around.
Mexico — The Sea of Cortez (or Gulf of California) between Baja California and the mainland is rich in biodiversity with several national parks and protected biosphere reserves providing habitat for marine mammals and aquatic birds. Sea kayaking is popular along much of the Baja coast with multi-day expeditions that include overnight camping on islands or beaches. There are several kayaking outfitters around Loreto and La Paz, some of which offer long excursions of well over a week paddling between islands and exploring the national parks. Three of the most popular sea kayaking areas are Bahia de Loreto National Park, Espiritu Santo just north of the point in La Paz, and Magdalena Bay near San Carlos.
United States
- Alaska — Seward has many vendors offering kayakers a close up look of the many glaciers and wildlife in the area.
- Wisconsin — Many visitors to Apostle Islands National Lakeshore enjoy sea kayaking between the various islands in Lake Superior.

Oceania

New Zealand – The Abel Tasman National Park is a popular sea kayaking destination.

South America

Antarctica

Sea kayaks can get closer to wildlife and maneuver through areas that larger boats can't but be well prepared for cold weather.