Modern and contemporary art

Modern art and contemporary art are distinct terms used for visual art from the late 19th century until present day. Much contemporary art is abstract.

Understand

“ Art is not made to decorate rooms. It is an offensive weapon in the defense against the enemy. ”

—Pablo Picasso

While the concepts of "modern" and "contemporary" by definition have no clear boundaries in time, they usually refer to some art genres that have emerged since the 19th century. The term "contemporary art" is usually applied to living artists producing works in our current time. Due to tradition, older European art is usually displayed in institutions separate from modern art museums; for instance the Louvre only features work up to the mid-1800s; later works can be seen at Musée d'Orsay.

In the mid-19th century, photography displaced visual art, producing portraits and scenery pictures for cheap. In the meantime, public education, urbanization and industrial printing allowed more people than ever to make, buy and see art. Pre-modern art styles such as romanticism remained in production well into the 20th century. Modern architecture has a similar categorization of periods and styles.

• Impressionism was a movement beginning in the 1870s, characterized by thin brush strokes which brought out an impression of light and movement. Impressionist paintings had mundane motifs, challenging the convention of European art in which religious, mythological or historical scenes had higher status.
• Art nouveau, in German known as Jugendstil, was a movement in visual art, architecture and interior design, inspired by simple natural geometric patterns.
• De Stijl is a 1910s Dutch minimalist movement, found throughout north-western continental Europe, known best for its associated artists, Mondrian and Rietveld. The movement inspires modern day designers and artists and the movement's style and is loved by many others.
• Cubism was a movement most prominent in the early 20th century, with Pablo Picasso being one of its founders and most famous practitioners.
• Surrealism was an early 20th century movement pioneered by André Breton, with Salvador Dalí being perhaps its most famous practitioner.
• Mexican muralism is an artistic movement of the 1920s through 1950s that was strongly supported by post-Revolution presidencies. Its impact was felt far beyond Mexico and it continues to influence contemporary artists decades after the government subsidies ceased.
• Post-modernism is mainly a post-1945 movement, known for works which reject all conventions of shape, material, medium, decorum, and sometimes legality.
• Pop art emerged in the 1950s, with sampling of graphics from mass media, such as photography, cartoons, and advertising.

Modern and contemporary art has not just taken use of traditional media such as painting, sculpture and textiles, but also photography, video, sound, and composite installations.

Destinations

Most large cities in the world has some public art on display. This list contains some renowned art museums, academies, and creative scenes.

Europe

• 1 Berlin. A modern art hotspot. Start at the Neue Nationalgalerie at the Kulturforum. Its main focus on the early 20th century. (updated Nov 2022)
• 2 Guggenheim Museum (Bilbao, Spain). Frank Gehry's spectacular twisting titanium-clad modern art museum is perhaps the most celebrated building of the 1990s, even starting what would be called the 'Bilbao-effect': The idea in urban planning that a star-quality building can single-handedly change the entire image of a city. Although this effect is unproven in its pure form, the Guggenheim nevertheless changed the world wide perception of Bilbao. The graceful, sensuous curves, evocative of the ships that used to be ubiquitous along the docks of Bilbao, are covered in titanium squares, which resemble the scales of a fish and shimmer in the sunlight. In keeping with the maritime theme, appropriate for the setting, the skylights of the largest gallery (formerly known as the Fish gallery) are designed to look like the fins of fish. The permanent collection is not particularly impressive, but the museum always hosts at least one interesting temporary exhibit, frequently comprised of masterpieces from the other Guggenheim collections. 
• 3 Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía (Reina Sofía National Museum and Art Center) (Madrid, Spain). Housed in a former public hospital with an adjacent modern wing, this museum contains Spain's largest collection of 20th century art. It includes many of Pablo Picasso's most revered works including his renowned Guernica. The Reina Sofía also houses masterpieces by other Spanish masters including Joan Miró, Salvador Dalí, Juan Gris, and others, as well as works by a number of international artists, including Vasily Kandinsky, Paul Klee, Francis Bacon. (updated Jan 2017)
• 4 Château de Montsoreau-Museum of Contemporary Art (Montsoreau, France), contact@chateau-montsoreau.com. UNESCO World Heritage Site Housed in the first castle of the Loire to have been built, this museum contains the world's largest collection of Art & Language works, assembled by Philippe Méaille since the late 1990s. Art & Language is a British art movement that has invented and deeply influenced conceptual art and music. The museum includes most famous works of Art & Language, including their renowned Mirror piece, and hosts at least two temporary exhibitions of contemporary artists a year, and many conferences. Photography is permitted. Backpacks are not permitted, but there are free lockers after entrance. (updated Jun 2018)
• 5 Tate Modern, London. one of the largest museums of modern and contemporary art in the world.  
• 6 National Gallery, Oslo. featuring Edvard Munch's The Scream  
• Paris: 7 Musée d'Orsay   contains Impressionist and early Modernist works. 8 Centre Pompidou   contains post-modern works.
• 9 Museum of the 20th Century (Museo del Novecento) (Milan, Italy). "Del 900" but meaning "since 1900", this modern art museum has a rich selection of works by Modigliani, Picasso, Morandi, and Boccioni.  
• Prague: 10 DOX - Centre for contemporary art.  
• The Stockholm Metro has an impressive art collection, commissioned since the 1960s.
• 11 Fotografiska (The Swedish Museum of Photography). A private museum opened in 2010, in an industrial building from 1906. Besides the exhibitions, they have a diner with a great waterfront view. A branch of this museum opened in New York City in 2020, and there is also a Tallinn location.  
• 12 Kiasma Museum of Contemporary Art (Helsinki, Finland). The sometimes unusual collections mostly include works by contemporary Finnish artists and artists from nearby countries. There are also periodical exhibitions. The building itself is arguably a work of art.  
• 13 Tartu Art Museum, Raekoja plats 18 (Tartu, Estonia). A state-owned museum of art from 1940. (updated May 2024)
• 14 Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam. featuring the largest collection of Van Gogh's paintings and drawings in the world  
• 15 Moscow Museum of Modern Art (Moscow, Russia). (updated Nov 2018)
• 1 Glasgow International Art Festival (Glasgow, Scotland). 2-3 weeks in May / June of even years. A biennal modern art festival in about 60 venues around the city. The modern art exhibits are in regular galleries and a variety of temporary exhibition spaces. Glasgow also has a good Gallery of Modern Art open all year. free. (updated May 2024)

North America

United States

• 16 Albright-Knox Art Gallery (Buffalo, New York). The gallery's collection includes several pieces spanning art throughout the centuries. (updated Nov 2018)
• 17 Museum of Modern Art (New York City). Home to some of the world's most famous art pieces such as Vincent van Gogh's The Starry Night and Pablo Picasso's Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. (updated Nov 2018)
• 18 Guggenheim (New York City). The permanent home of a continuously expanding collection of Impressionist, Post-Impressionist, early Modern, and contemporary art. (updated Nov 2018)
• 19 The Art Institute of Chicago (Chicago). Its permanent collection of nearly 300,000 works of art includes iconic works such as Georges Seurat's A Sunday on La Grande Jatte, Pablo Picasso's The Old Guitarist, Edward Hopper's Nighthawks, and Grant Wood's American Gothic. (updated Nov 2018)
• 20 San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (SFMOMA) (San Francisco). (updated Nov 2018)
• 21 Cleveland Museum of Art. Contains a number of Impressionist works. (updated Nov 2018)
• 22 Toledo Museum of Art. Contains work by Picasso and Vincent Van Gogh. Free. (updated Nov 2018)
• 23 Museum of Contemporary Art of Georgia (Atlanta, Georgia). The museum collects and archives contemporary works by Georgia artists. (updated Nov 2018)
• 24 Museum of Contemporary Art Denver (Denver, Colorado). It hosts temporary exhibitions, but has no permanent collection. (updated Nov 2018)

Canada

• 25 Museum of Contemporary Art (Toronto, Canada). Temporary exhibitions. (updated Nov 2022)
• 26 Musée d'art contemporain de Montréal. Over 7,000 works of art by more than 1,500 artists, focusing on contemporary art from Quebec, Canada, and important international artists. (updated Nov 2018)

Mexico

"Man Controlling the Universe", Diego Rivera

• 27 Museo Tamayo Arte Contemporáneo (Museo Rufino Tamayo) (Mexico City). Major artists represented include Pablo Picasso, Joan Miró, Francis Bacon, Jean Dubuffet, Fernand Léger, Wifredo Lam, Pierre Soulages, Frank Auerbach, Alexander Calder, Eduardo Chillida, Salvador Dalí, Max Ernst, Josep Guinovart, Barbara Hepworth, Hans Hartung, Willem de Kooning, Roy Lichtenstein, René Magritte, Manolo Millares, Robert Motherwell, Georgia O´Keeffe, Arnaldo Pomodoro, Mark Rothko, Antoni Tàpies, Joaquín Torres García, Victor Vasarely, and Andy Warhol. (updated Nov 2018)
• 28 Museo de Arte Contemporáneo (MARCO) (Monterrey/Centro). Presents an ever-changing array of exhibitions featuring Mexican and international artists currently working and developing their visions. Sometimes presents exhibits of well-known artists from the 20th century, such as Frida Kahlo. Past exhibits have included Julio Galán, Teodoro González de León, and Enrique Guzmán. In December 2022, the featured exhibit was Bill Viola's work using the medium of video. (updated Jan 2023)
• 29 Museo de Arte Moderno (Modern Art Museum) (Mexico City/Chapultepec). Large permanent collection and frequent exhibitions of artists from the 1920s to present. Includes many paintings and drawings from the great artists of the Mexican Muralist Movement (Diego Rivera, Jose Clemente Orozco, David Alafaro Siquieros). (updated Jan 2023)
• 30 Museo Jumex (Colección Jumex) (Mexico City). Large permanent collection of modern and contemporary art. Presents a constantly-changing array of exhibitions featuring Mexican and international artists. Past exhibits have included Remedios Varo, Frida Kahlo, Olga Costa, Diego Rivera, Manuel Álvarez Bravo, Leonora Carrington, Juan Soriano, and Vicente Rojo Almazán. (updated Jan 2023)
• Zona MACO, Centro Citibanamex (Mexico City). Held over the course of a week during February Mexico Arte Contemporaneo (MACO) is Latin America's biggest contemporary arts festival with events highlighting various media including photography and design. Shows feature Mexico's top artists as well as invited international artists. Additional special events are held throughout the city. 

Asia

• 31 National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo (Tokyo, Japan). It is the foremost museum collecting and exhibiting modern Japanese art. (updated Nov 2018)
• 32 21st Century Museum of Contemporary Art, Kanazawa (Kanazawa, Japan). Frequent temporary exhibits by currently working artists. The museum's permanent collection includes works created since 1980. (updated Sep 2023)
• 33 National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art (four branches in Gwacheon, Deoksugung, Seoul and Cheongju, South Korea). (updated Nov 2018)
• 34 National Gallery of Modern Art (Delhi, India). It is one of the world's largest modern art museums. (updated Nov 2018)
• 35 Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art (Tehran, Iran). 3,000 items that include 19th and 20th century's world-class European and American paintings, prints, drawings and sculptures, and a great collection of Iranian modern and contemporary art. (updated Nov 2018)
• 36 Herzliya Museum of Contemporary Art (Herzliya, Israel). The museum's main focus is on Israeli and international contemporary art. (updated Nov 2018)
• 37 Museum of Contemporary Art Shanghai (Shanghai, China). (updated Nov 2018)
• 38 Singapore Art Museum (Singapore). (updated Nov 2018)
• 39 Museum of Contemporary Art Taipei (Taipei, Taiwan). (updated Nov 2018)
• 40 Baku Museum of Modern Art (Baku, Azerbaijan). (updated Nov 2018)

Africa

• 41 Zeitz Museum of Contemporary Art Africa (Cape Town, South Africa). The largest museum of contemporary art from Africa and its diaspora. (updated Nov 2018)
• 42 National Gallery of Modern Art, Lagos (Lagos, Nigeria). Modern portraiture, sculptures, ceramics, and modern textile art that draws on rich traditions from the Yoruba, Hausa, Igbo and other peoples of Nigeria. (updated Nov 2018)
• 43 Gezira Center for Modern Art (Cairo, Egypt). More than 10,000 paintings and sculptures that show the development of the Egyptian art movement from the early 20th century pioneers through contemporary artists' works. (updated Nov 2018)

South America

• 44 Inhotim (Brumadinho, Brazil). One of the largest foundations of contemporary art in Brazil and one of the largest outdoor art centers in Latin America. (updated Nov 2018)
• 45 Museum of Contemporary Art of Rosario (Rosario, Argentina). The museum's collection, made up of 848 works by 464 artists presents a wide panorama on Argentine Art of the last decades. (updated Nov 2018)
• 46 Museum of Contemporary Art Bogotá (Bogota, Colombia). Established in 1966, the museum's collection focuses on art from the mid-1960s to today. The permanent collection contains more than 1,000 works. (updated Sep 2024)

Oceania

• 47 Centre of Contemporary Art (Christchurch, New Zealand). (updated Nov 2018)
• 48 Museum of Contemporary Art Australia (Sydney, Australia). Its focus is primarily on Australian contemporary art. (updated Nov 2018)

Buy

See also: Art and antiques shopping

Purchase of high-value art usually takes more knowledge than can fit into an article. For art a normal person can afford, the main rule is that if you like it and it fits your living room, then it is good; don't count on getting money from selling it.

Posters and postcards depicting some of the items hosted at a museum can often be bought in a museum shop. For copyright reasons, replicas of modern art usually cost more than replicas of older art. Usually you don't have any right to publish photos of your purchase without making explicit arrangements with the artist (there are some).

Respect

In most countries, the copyright of art expires 70 years after the artist's death, placing nearly all 19th-century art in the public domain but restricting reproduction – including photographing – of newer art. Some countries have a different duration, and in the USA the term is (for the relevant period) instead based on year of publication, as defined in copyright jurisprudence; art published before 1929 is free from copyright in the USA. Also where the art is in the public domain, house rules may restrict photography.

Photographing outdoors art, such as architecture and most statues, is in many countries allowed thanks to the freedom of panorama in effect there. These rules vary significantly by country, both in what may be photographed and in what you can do with the photo.

See also

• Modern architecture
• Visual arts