Fujian Tulou

The Fujian tulou (Chinese: 福建土楼 Fújiàn tǔlóu; literally: "Fujian earthen buildings"), also known as Hakka tulou, Hakka earth houses or roundhouses, are rural dwellings unique to the Hakka people in the mountainous areas in southeastern China. There are also toulou in Guangdong and Guangxi, but the UNESCO World Heritage Site for toulou is 46 buildings in Fujian.

A tulou is usually a large, enclosed and fortified earth building, most commonly rectangular or circular, with very thick earth walls between three and five stories high. Traditionally, tulou have housed an entire clan with up to 800 people. Smaller interior buildings are often enclosed by these huge peripheral walls which can contain halls, storehouses, wells and living areas, the whole structure resembling a small fortified city.

Most of the notable Fujian tulou are in Yongding County and Nanjing County in southern Fujian and this travel guide will provide information on visiting them.

Chuxi Tulou cluster

The names of the tulou clusters and bus stations are often different from the village they're situated in; moreover, some villages or clusters have multiple names. To minimize confusion, this article will often state all names separated by a slash

Villages

Zhencheng Lou in Hongkeng

The "King Tulou" in Gaobei

There are several villages with notable tulou clusters, some of which can easily be reached by public transport:

• 1 Hongkeng/Liulian (洪坑村/六联村), the "official" government-designated Tulou scenic spot with a long-distance bus station, easy to reach by public transport
• 2 Gaotou /Gaobei (高头乡/高北), home of the "King Tulou" named Chengqi Lou. Direct busses from Xiamen to Liulian/Tulou pass here
• 3 Taxia (塔下村), near Tianluokeng Tulou Cluster; the entrance fee of ¥100 for adults (students ¥50) includes Taxia village, the Tianluokeng Tulou Cluster and Yuanglou Tulou
• 4 Qujiang (曲江村) with Hekeng Tulou Cluster
• 5 Chuxi (初溪村), where the Chuxi Tulou Cluster is situated
• 6 Pushan (璞山村), which contains Yunshuiyao Scenic Area

Understand

Hakka (客家, Kèjiā, in Mandarin) translates as "guest families"; they are people who migrated to southern China — Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hainan, Guangxi and Sichuan — some centuries back because of various wars and other troubles in the north. There are about 80 million Hakka spread out over those provinces and among overseas Chinese; in China they mainly inhabit relatively isolated mountain regions — the fertile valleys were already taken when they arrived — and Yongding is part of such a region. They have their own language, called Hakka in English and kèjiā huà in Mandarin.

A tulou is a structure where a number of residences are built inside a single fortified compound. Hakka people have been building these since the 12th century, and in the last couple of centuries some of their non-Hakka neighbors have built some as well. There are now more than 20,000 of them in this district and adjacent areas. The Hakkas have a tradition of building fortified residences due to the fact that they were frequently at war with their non-Hakka neighbors prior to the modern era.

The people in the area are friendly, tourist infrastructure is minimal, and the countryside is extremely beautiful - which makes for a very pleasant contrast with other touristed rural areas in China.

Tulou generally housed a whole clan (a few dozen households, up to 800 people) and are three to five floors high; most are circular, up to about 70 m (200-odd feet) in diameter. They were designed for easy defense; you can see the openings for archers or riflemen on the upper floors but lower floors have no windows. The walls are typically a mixture of packed earth, lime and straw and about 150 cm (5 feet) thick, or a bit more. Other materials including stone, brick and bamboo are also sometimes used. There are usually only one or two gates, thick oak covered with steel plates, and there is a well and food storage to withstand a siege if necessary.

Most of these tulou are still in use, but the area has suffered an extreme population drain as the able-bodied have generally moved to coastal cities as migrant workers, leaving behind a population of the very old and the very young. The villages also contain modern housing, and older houses that are not tulou.

An amusing bit of historical trivia is that in Cold War days when the US first began getting satellite photos (initially, with poor resolution), intelligence analysts spotted many fairly large circular structures in this region, not far from Taiwan. They took them for missile silos and a considerable kerfuffle ensued in the American and Taiwanese military. Eventually they got spies in on the ground and found that the structures were tulou.

Get in

The easiest and most convenient way to get to these tulou is from Xiamen or Longyan by a direct bus.

From Xiamen: from Fanghu Long Distance Bus Station there are frequent buses to Nanjiang.

From Nanjiang: bus number 6 (¥10) brings you to the Park entrance. From there you can take a "Park bus" to Taxia or directly to the Tianluokeng Tulou Cluster (¥15).

All buses arrive at 1 Liulian/Tulou bus station which is also frequently referred to as "Tulou Station" (土楼汽车站), and is next to the Hukeng/Hongkeng tulou cluster.

From Xiamen

Direct:

• From Xiamen, there are two direct buses per day to Liulian/Tulou bus station - at 08:40 and early afternoon from Fanghu Bus Station (located at 24.511502 118.133765), ticket costs ¥64 as of 2017. There are also seven buses to Yongding that depart from 07:10-16:00 every day from the Fanghu Bus Station. All buses pass the villages of Gaobei (高北村) and Liulian (六联) which are convenient bases for exploring tulou. It takes around 3 hours to travel from Xiamen to Liulian. Xiamen has multiple bus stations, so pay close attention to the station name.

Transfer:

• There is also a frequent bus service from Xiamen to Longyan, but you will have to transfer buses in Longyan (see below).
• The bullet trains do the Xiamen North-Longyan trip in less than 1 hr 15 min with greater comfort but higher cost. The fast trains also arrive at Longyan from the south Shantou or even Shenzhen. From either train stations buses and mini-vans are available to take you to tulou.

From Longyan

Longyan can easily be reached by high-speed train from many cities in China, including Shanghai, Fuzhou and Xiamen. There are hourly direct busses from Longyan to the Liulian/Tulou bus station every day, leaving between 07:00 and 17:00 mostly from Longyan Bus Station (龙岩汽车站), but some also from Longyan Transport Center Station (龙岩汽车客运中心站) and Tourism Distribution Station (旅游集散中心). The exact schedule can be found on www.jt2345.com (Chinese language only). The busses take approximately two hours to reach their destination.

Other options

• The nearest train station is Yongding. There are two daily trains from Xiamen to Yongding (K230 and K298) that take approximately 3½ hours and cost ¥37.5. There are trains from Guangzhou to Yongding, too. Yongding bus station is close to the train station (0.2 km).
• From Yongding, there are about 10 daily bus departures to Liulian/Tulou bus station that take about one hour, see www.jt2345.com for schedules

If you intend to see as many tulou as you can, it's best you find your way to Liulian/Hukeng/Hongkeng village, where the government showcased unit is, and stay at the many lodgings available right where your bus or taxi drops you.

Get around

Hongkeng Village

The best way to see the different tulou is by private taxi or motorbike. Your guesthouse can help organize this for you, or else just walk around and some local will come up offering their service. Prices range from ¥100 to ¥120 for a half-day tour. Be sure to negotiate a price before the tour. Most tours allow you to choose 4 or 5 tulou to visit and a car with driver, who also acts as impromptu guide is ¥200, (2011 pricing). A motorbike with rider is ¥120 and would therefore be expensive and uncomfortable if there are two or more of you. You are not allowed to rent or ride a motorbike. While you will not be hurried, starting the tour at 07:00 will mean you will be back at your lodging well before lunch time. Just select one from the menu and you are on your way.

As of January 2019, official taxis are rare to non-existent on the streets. Services such as Didi, that can be used elsewhere in China to order taxis, are also non-functional in this rural area.

Mountain bikes are also available for rent from different places. Ask your guest house if they privide the service, otherwise head over to Fuyu Building in Hongkeng (see "Sleep") and rent one from the owner there. The distances between tulou clusters are not too large, going from Hongkeng to Gaotou takes about 25 minutes by bike.

It is fairly easy to arrange a tour with a guide who can serve as translator; you can either join a tour group or hire a guide for you own group, though hiring your own guide will be relatively expensive for a single person or couple. Many travel agents in Xiamen offer such tours. Some of the Xiamen companies will do built-to-order itineraries, and Fuzhou-based Amazing China does those anywhere in China. The main advantage of having a guide is that they can explain many details about the local culture that you'd miss by visiting alone.

From Taxia, to visit the Yuanglou Tulou (3 km) and the Tianluokeng Tulou Cluster (7 km) you can walk, hitch-hike or take the park bus. Notice that the park bus service is rare when it is not weekend or public holidays, so are the options for hitch-hikes. From Taxia to Yuanglou Tulou there is a nice walking trail on the left side of the river. From Yuanglou Tulou to Tianluokeng Tulou Cluster you have to follow the road uphill for 4 km.

Talk

As anywhere in China, Mandarin is the language of education, government and media, and the lingua franca for communication between groups. Speaking that or having a guide who does will stand you in good stead. However, over 90% of the district's population are Hakka, so that language is also very useful here. The main local language of the surrounding region is Minnan.

Very little English is spoken in the region, except by a few people in the tourist industry; this is a rural area and many locals, including most of the well-educated ones, have left for jobs in the cities. Even Mandarin may not be universally known among the largely very young and very old population who remain, though it is at least reasonably common. There's also a strong accent to the Mandarin spoken here.

Locals working at the tourist sites (such as ticket salespersons, drivers, hawkers, hotel owners) tend to speak at least a few words of English so that you'll be able to get around even without profound Mandarin or Hakka knowledge. Road signs and tourist maps are all bilingual (Chinese and English).

See

Zhencheng Lou in Hongkeng

Zhengcheng Lou, inside view

West river bank in Hongkeng

The UNESCO World Heritage List entry for Fujian Tulou includes 46 buildings at ten locations, mostly but not all in this district. There are also many others scattered in between and around the main attractions.

The main clusters are, in this order:

• 1 Hukeng/Hongkeng Tulou Cluster Scenic Spot (湖坑土楼群), Hukeng (across the street from the Tulou Bus Station in Liulian), ☏ +86 597 3256222. This site contains some beautiful tulou of different shapes - round, square, and U-shaped. Zhencheng Lou (振成楼) is the largest and Rusheng Lou (如升楼) is the smallest tulou. For the real story, though, seek out the smaller tulou, where family life still abounds. A point to note is that Zhencheng Lou is the government showcase unit and is therefore padded up for touristy appeal. Those who know avoid the place, simply because everything looks so spick and span. However, many families do live in the tulous, and before and after the tour busses leave it is a quiet and lovely place to explore. Its rear gate is where the public transport stops and picks up passengers to or from Longyan, Yongding or Xiamen. ¥90, students ¥45. (updated Jan 2019)
• 2 Tianluokeng Tulou Cluster (田螺坑土楼群), Tianluokeng. On a slope of Hudong Mountain, sit five tulou - three circular, one oval and in the middle a square tulou. The locals call this place si wan ee tang (literally four bowls and a soup). These were built over 600 years between the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the 1960s. At night, the place is lit up with multicoloured lights which make interesting photos. However, you have to stay the night, most probably at the lodgings provided by the lady operating a local style teashop. Food can be enjoyed in the tolou if you stay the night as well. Relax and enjoy local life. Be prepared for a long and boring night after the initial excitement with your photographing done. A better option is to stay in one off the guesthouses in Taxia. ¥100, students ¥50. Admission includes Yuchang Lou (裕昌楼) and Taxia Village (塔下村). (updated Nov 2017)
• 3 Gaobei Tulou Cluster Scenic Spot (高北土楼) (4km east of Hongkeng, reachable by bike in about 20 minutes). This is the largest of the tulou, on the route from Xiamen to Liulian. The main building is called Chengqi Lou (承启楼) and referred to as the "King Tulou" (土楼王) — an impressive round tulou with many concentric structures. While many tulou were built in the Qing dynasty, this one was built in 1964. In general, the Gao Bei complex is overrun with tourists — seek out smaller tulou for a more sincere experience, or go early or late to miss the busy hours. ¥40, students ¥25, or combo ticket with Hongkeng cluster (valid for 2 days). (updated Jan 2019)
• 4 Chuxi Tulou Cluster Scenic Spot (初溪土楼群), 下洋镇下洋镇初溪村. This is perhaps the most picturesque of the tulou clusters, and is approximately 30-40 minutes south of Liulian. ¥55, students ¥30.  
• 5 Hekeng Tulou Cluster (河坑土楼群), Qujiang Village, Shuyang Town (漳州市南靖县书洋镇曲江村河坑组). It consists of 15 earth buildings with different shapes which are distributed in a narrow area along the banks of two small rivers in the shape of a "D". Since the completion of Hekeng Earth Building Group, except for normal maintenance, the walls, structures and internal and external space of 14 earth buildings have remained unchanged (updated Jan 2019)
• 6 Yunshuiyao Scenic Area (云水谣景区), 南靖县璞山村. This settlement is a bit larger than the others, and also contains an ancient town. The large tulou are not as dense and a bit further apart. ¥90. (updated Jan 2019)

Apart from the famous tulous, you will notice that there are a lot of smaller tulous and tulous that are in complete disrepair and abandoned on your journey. Often these will be less touristic and allow a glimpse in everyday tulou life. Rent a bike and set off on your own to see these. Some tulou also still bear propaganda markings from the Mao Zedong era.

Sights include:

Tianhou Palace in Hongkeng

• 7 Yuchang Earth Building (裕昌楼, =Yuchanglou), within Tianluokeng. Built in 1308 it is the oldest Toulu in Fujian Province. This 18-m-high building is an outcome of the shareholding system in the early times by the Lio, Luo, Zhang, Tang and Fan clans. They shared 250 rooms in 5 floors. There are 22 wells in each ground floor kitchen which surpass any other toulu in Fujian for the number. An ancestral hall is in the center of the round Toulu. 25 generations have lived in this tulou, even though it is leaning up to 15 degrees in places. The slant mentioned is what makes the inhabitants proud. Whatever the reason their ancestors used crooked beams and columns, these have withstood the test of time. Chinese tourists particularly marvel at this curious crooked building. ¥100/50 (included with Tianluokeng ticket¥100/50). 
• 8 Tianhou Palace (天后宫) (East bank of the river next to the service center). A temple within the Hongkeng tulou cluster scenic area (updated Jan 2019)
• 9 Fujian Tulou Museum (福建土楼博物馆), Hakka Exposition Park, 1 Longxing Road, Fengcheng Town, Yongding District, Longyan (龙岩市永定区凤城镇龙兴路1号客家博览园) (take bus no. 2 from the Yongding Bus Station), ☏ +86 597 5206971, +86 597 5206978, fjtlbwg@163.com. 08:30-11:30, 15:00-17:30 (summer), 08:30-11:30, 14:30-17:00 (winter). Provides visitors with detailed background information on the tulou. As the museum is in Yongding's main town rather than near one of the tulou clusters, it's probably best visited at either the very beginning or the very end of your tour. Free. (updated Feb 2019)

Do

There are hot springs in the mountains nearby, e.g. near Chuxi tulou cluster. Ask your accommodation in Chuxi for more details and tickets.

There is one nice walk (1½ hour) up to the mountain just above Taxia. The track starts left of the ancestral Temple of Taxia and goes up the mountain through the fields. At the top off the mountain, turn left and follow the path. At the fork, turn left and go downhill. The road will bring you back to the main road just a few hundred meters from the parking lots at the village entry.

Buy

Souvenirs are available throughout the area and include miniature tulou, snow globes, keychains, and magnets.

The region is also famous for its tea. Most tulou have stores and vendors inside, but be sure to haggle as prices for tourists are unexpectedly high. Try the mountain tea. Oolong tea is also famous throughout Fujian.

Local tobacco also abounds, and many shops and restaurants sell packs of thin cigarettes in packages bearing a tulou logo. ¥15-20/pack.

If the season is right, pick up some dried fruit and sweet potatoes; hibiscus tea is also something worth taking home.

Eat

Hakka Tofu Dish

Hakke Beef Ball Soup

Each site has local restaurants so you will not go hungry. The ingredients are fresh and chicken are slaughtered on the spot if you enjoy that kind of freshness. Hakka cuisine is different from the other cuisines found around China and has some special dishes, e.g. Hakka tofu and beef ball soup. Another specialty is Hakka bamboo that many people find smelly at first.

There are some restaurants at the river front serving the tourists.

• Ke Lai Den Hotel, Hongkeng. This place has an English menu. 
• 1 Small Stream Bridge Restaurant (小桥流水餐馆), 塔下村61号(雪英桥往河上游10米) (Near the stream in Taxia), ☏ +86 596 7771462. 07:00-23:00. This place offers local food, reasonable prices and nice views over the stream crossing Taxia village. Favorites are chicken soup, boiled eggplant and fried bamboo shoots (that might be strange to the Western taste) ¥45 per person. (updated Jan 2019)
• 2 Huanxing Hakka Restaurant (环兴客家菜馆), 永定土楼民俗文化村东门环兴客栈1楼 (Near the east gate of Hongkeng tulou cluster). Right next to the Hongkeng tulou cluster, this place serves traditional Hakka food. Approx. ¥45 per person. (updated Jan 2019)
• 3 Three Sisters Inn (三姐妹客栈), 田螺坑土楼群文昌楼18号 (Inside Wenchang Building in Tianluokeng tulou cluster). A guest house within Wenchang tulou that also offers local Hakka food and tea ceremonies, fresh veggies and an insight into the rural lifestyle Approx. ¥70 per person. (updated Jan 2019)

Drink

Apart from tea, there is the local rice wine called Nuomijiu (糯米酒). Many tulou make their own rice wine, which varies in color and ingredients and can be quite delicious. Earthen jars can often be seen outside or inside. Some tulou restaurants sell bottles of this as a souvenir, others simply offer it as a libation.

• 1 Hakka Restaurant and Brewery (客家酒坊), Hongkeng (Next to the temple on the east bank of the river in Hongkeng). This square tulou houses not only a restaurant, but also a brewery or winery for the Nuomijiu rice wine. You can see the production process and tools, and do a tasting of different types and ages. Jars of Nuomijiu sell for about &yan50;-80. (updated Jan 2019)

Sleep

Fuyu Building Changdi Inn

Most of the more touristic earth houses offer simple lodgings, which generally will not provide the most basic conveniences and should cost around ¥30. Rooms are simple, and bathrooms are frequently located outside of tulou. Many tulou also close around 20:00 every evening. Since most of the tulou are in the scenic area (that requires an entrance ticket), so buy the ticket before trying to get to your accommodation!

There are plenty of possibility to stay in Taxia. You can sleep in a renovated toulu (¥180), in the international youth hostel (¥100 for a room) or in one of the numerous guesthouses in the village. The youth hostel is a bit hard to find, but they have a small and fancy cafe/restaurant at the river front. Just look for the flag of the International Hostel Association.

Hukeng village has several lodgings that are a step up from this, speak English, have fast internet, and offer both Western and Hakka food and coffee. For a unique tulou experience, try:

• 1 Fuyu Building Changdi Inn (福裕楼常棣客栈), Hong Keng Village, Hukeng Town (In the north of the Hongkeng tulou cluster), ☏ +86 597 5532800, fuyulou@163.com. Situated in one a square tulou, of the famous historical buildings within Hongkeng, this guest house offers a unique cultural experience. The courtyard is filled with red lanterns that are beautifully illuminated at night. They also offer a pick-up service from Xiamen or from the Tulou bus station. Breakfast included, lunch and dinner available. Air conditioning, WiFi, bike rental (¥25 for half day) available. Rooms are very clean, bathroom is either shared (cheaper rooms) or private ensuite. QQ: 364804398 Rooms starting at ¥100. (updated Jan 2019)
• 2 Yongding Fulan Inn (永定福兰客栈), Chaoyang Building in Hongkeng (洪坑村民俗文化村景区内朝阳楼) (On the west side of the river in Hongkeng). A rather simple guest house within one of the more run-down tulous. Don't expect anything fancy. From ¥100. (updated Jan 2019)

In Gaobei:

• 3 Yongding Tulou Qiaofulou Inn (永定土楼侨福楼客栈), No. 50-1 Tianzhoulou Group, Gaobei Village (高头乡高北村天助楼组50-1号) (Within Gaobei tulou cluster, right next to the King Tulou). A beautiful round tulou in Gaotou village. Rooms are basic, but clean, and all situated on the upper floors. At night, the inner yard is nicely lit by red lanterns. From ¥90. (updated Jan 2019)

There are in fact plenty of sleep options. Almost every other restaurant and shop has rooms upstairs for ¥80-100 (2017 pricing). As you alight from your bus or taxi, depending on which section of the road you will be approached, by the owners of these establishments, who would be more than pleased to allow you to view rooms before taking. Generally, the rooms are very clean, well-kept, with en suite bathroom, western W.C., TV, Aircon. No toiletries or towels however. Ask and they will supply you the towels. Sheets and blankets are already spread out and are very clean.

Go next

The bus stop sign in Qujiang village (in the neighboring Nanjing County), with the schedule of the bus to Xiamen

There are regularly scheduled buses from Liulian/Tulou Bus Station (see "Get In" section). Direct buses for Xiamen leave at 07:50, 12:30, and 15:00 (20 min later from Gaobei Village). In the high season, it is better to buy the ticket a day before. Also check the actual departure times as they change frequently and times on this page may be outdated. Different ones terminate at different stations in Xiamen, but this is not crucial; most stop in more than one place and driver will be yelling out the names when approaching them.

Hourly buses from Liulian/Tulou to Longyan are also available from 06:20 to 16:35. There are also buses to Yongding, and two to Zhangzhou (漳州).

If leaving the area from a village, the bus stations are very informal. Check with locals to make sure you're waiting at the right spot or just flag down the bus as it passes by. For example, at Gaobei Village, the bus station is located on the road X620 roughly at 24.661687 117.007028, but long distance buses depart from the main road X622 at 24.660854 117.006176. About 10 min before the departure of a long distance bus, staff will accompany passengers to the bus stop and wait till the bus arrives. It's possible to buy the ticket either at the bus station (arrive early enough) or at the bus. Ticket to Xiamen costs ¥60 as of 2017.

• Visit Gulangyu island in Xiamen - a beautiful car free island full of historic buildings. A great place to relax. About 3–5 hours away.
• Xiamen, one of the cleanest cities in China and sometimes termed the "Hawaii of China"
• Wuyi Mountain via Longyan