Ice hockey in Europe

Ice hockey was invented in Canada, one of its national sports, it's the country with the highest percentage of the population as registered players and North America is home to the world's top hockey league (NHL). The game is nevertheless played all over the world and quite popular in Northern and Central Europe as well as Russia and some other countries in the former Soviet Union.

Understand

Hockey evolved from a number of different stick-and-ball games, most obviously field hockey and bandy. Modern hockey began in Montreal in the 1870s, where the use of a hard, disc-shaped puck, rather than a ball, became standard. The game's premier trophy, the Stanley Cup, was first awarded in 1893, so there's a lot of history involved. Unlike other trophies in major sports, the Stanley Cup predates the NHL and during the 2004 lockout there was debate of whether the NHL should retain the right to award it to its champion by default.

The game is played on a rectangular ice surface with rounded corners. The surface is divided by lines painted underneath the ice: a red one at the center, two blue lines marking the defensive zones, and red goal lines near each end. On each goal line is a 6-foot-wide (1.8 m) netted goal. The main offside rule is that the puck must cross the defenders' blue line ahead of any attacking player; you cannot just have a man waiting by the goal for a pass. Another rule forbids "icing", firing the puck from behind the center line into the goal area. However, icing is not enforced against a team that is short-handed due to a penalty (except in youth hockey in the U.S.).

Play consists of attempting to propel the puck, via stick, into the net. Each team is allowed six players on the ice at any given time; these usually comprise three forwards, two defensemen, and a goaltender. The forwards and defensemen are collectively called skaters. (The word "men" is always used in hockey, even if women are playing.) The goaltender has extra padding and different equipment to allow easier puck-stopping, but in exchange he or she is restricted in where and how he or she may play the puck. The goaltender may be pulled for an extra forward or defenseman, but at the risk of leaving the goal undefended.

Play begins with a faceoff, in which a referee drops the puck on the ice and one player from each team attempts to secure control of the puck. Play continues until a goal is scored, a period ends, or an infraction occurs. Minor infractions result in a faceoff at a disadvantageous position for the offending team. More serious infractions are called penalties, and result in the offending player being sent to the penalty box (unless the penalized player is the goaltender, in which case one of the skaters is required to serve the penalty). The penalized player's team is not allowed to replace that player on the ice, and so the penalized team is said to be short-handed, while the team with the man-advantage is said to be on the power play. "Minor" penalties last for 2 minutes, or until the advantaged team scores a goal, whichever comes first; "major" penalties last for five minutes, no matter how many goals are scored. If a violation results in the loss of a clear scoring opportunity, the team that is fouled is awarded a penalty shot, in which a player is given a chance to score one-on-one against the goaltender. Unlike penalty shots in association football (soccer), handball, water polo or field hockey, where the shot is taken from a specific spot, in ice hockey, the player is allowed to skate with the puck before taking the penalty shot (in fact, once the puck has been touched, it must continue to be moved forward until the shot is taken).

A 60-minute game is divided into three 20-minute periods. During the between-period intermissions, the ice is resurfaced, and the fans visit the concessions and the restrooms. A brief sudden-death overtime period may be played if the score is tied after three periods; some leagues then go to a shootout if the score is still tied, while others allow a tie to stand. Many leagues that use overtime play that period with a reduced number of skaters. (Note that in overtime periods with a reduced number of skaters, penalties are handled differently than in regulation—the offender still goes to the penalty box, but can be replaced on the ice, while the non-offending team gets an extra skater.) In playoff hockey, which requires a winner to be declared, full 20-minute sudden-death overtime periods are played, with intermissions and with teams at full strength (unless affected by penalties), until a goal is scored.

In hockey, players may be substituted at any time; due to the intensity of play, each shift usually only lasts between 45 and 90 seconds. Players, particularly at the most advanced levels, are encouraged to be very physical on the ice, using their bodies to block opponents' movements and shots. The act of restraining or disrupting the puck-carrier is known as a check; this usually refers to a body check, but can also include various types of stick checks. Body checking is a penalty in women's ice hockey (except in the top Swedish league and the Professional Women's Hockey League in North America) and in youth hockey, but in adult men's hockey it's allowed and considered a key skill.

The intense physicality of hockey has resulted in a long tradition of fighting as part of the game. At the professional level, fighting is seen as integral to ensuring proper discipline and respect from one's opponents. Players who are perceived as engaging in "cheap shots" against opponents can expect to be challenged to a fight—often by the opposing team's enforcer, their most skilled fighter. Some players will also "drop the gloves" in order to energize their teammates, if they feel effort has been lacking. Although fighting is penalized, even in the professional leagues, its judicious and sparing use is widely encouraged. Many fans are disappointed if an entire game is played without at least one fight, and hockey broadcasters often call them like boxing matches. Fighting in college hockey is not as widely accepted and will be strongly penalized, but still gets fans excited. There are both fans and critics of the sport who see fighting critically and the sometimes gratuitous nature of fights is mocked with the quip "I went to a fight, and a hockey game broke out". However, fighting is far less common in European Ice Hockey.

NHL vs. international rules

There are differences between North American rules (the NHL and all the lesser leagues) and international rules (the Olympics and nearly all other international competition). International-standard rinks are 200 feet (61 m) long and 100 feet (30.5 m) wide, while North American professional rinks are only 85 feet (26 m) wide. Perhaps most important, NHL rules allow body checks anywhere while international rules prohibit them in the central area between the two blue lines. This tends to make international games somewhat faster and NHL games somewhat rougher, though either can still be quite fast and quite rough.

Fights can occur in any league, but are less strictly penalized in the NHL than elsewhere. Simply participating in a fight gets a player kicked out for the rest of the game in most leagues, but only draws a 5-minute major penalty in the NHL. However, the NHL does now have rule that the "third man" into a fight and the first player to leave the bench to join a fight are ejected for the rest of the game, plus a rule that fines the coach if players leave the bench to join a fight. In the mid-20th century fights happened rather often and brawls involving many players, or even entire teams, were moderately common, but have become much less frequent since the 1980s.

Leagues

Like North American leagues, seasons starts in the autumn and end in the spring albeit much earlier than the NHL season where the Stanley Cup playoffs reach into June. In Europe the season including the playoffs comes to an end well ahead of the yearly world championships taking place in mid-May.

Alps Hockey League

The Alps Hockey League (AlpsHL) is made up of mainly Austrian and (northeast) Italian teams.

EHC Bregenzerwald (Bregenz). (updated Mar 2020)
VEU Feldkirch (Feldkirch). (updated Mar 2020)
EC KAC II (Klagenfurt). (updated Mar 2020)
EC Kitzbühel (Kitzbühel). (updated Mar 2020)
EHC Lustenau (Lustenau). (updated Mar 2020)
EC Red Bull Salzburg U20 (Salzburg). (updated Mar 2020)
EHC Steel Wings Linz (Linz). (updated Mar 2020)
Vienna Capitals Silver (Vienna). (updated Mar 2020)
EK Zell am See (Zell am See). (updated Mar 2020)
Asiago Hockey 1935 (Asiago). (updated Mar 2020)
SG Cortina (Cortina d'Ampezzo). (updated Mar 2020)
HC Fassa (Canazei). (updated Mar 2020)
HC Gherdëina (Sëlva). (updated Mar 2020)
HC Pustertal Wölfe (Bruneck). (updated Mar 2020)
Ritten Sport (Ritten). (updated Mar 2020)
WSV Sterzing Broncos (Sterzing). (updated Mar 2020)
HDD Jesenice (Jesenice). (updated Mar 2020)
HK Olimpija (Ljubljana). (updated Mar 2020)

Austria

The Austrian top hockey league, Erste Bank Eishockey Liga, also includes some teams from neighbouring countries. In addition to the Erste Bank league, Austrian teams also make up a considerable part of the Alps Hockey League and some clubs have a team in both leagues.

Dornbirn Bulldogs (Dornbirn). (updated Mar 2020)
Graz 99ers (Graz). (updated Mar 2020)
HC TWK Innsbruck (Innsbruck). (updated Mar 2020)
EC KAC (Klagenfurt). (updated Mar 2020)
EHC Black Wings Linz (Linz). (updated Mar 2020)
EC Red Bull Salzburg (Salzburg). (updated Mar 2020)
Vienna Capitals (Vienna). (updated Mar 2020)
EC Panaceo VSV (Villach). (updated Mar 2020)
Fehérvár (Székesfehérvár, Hungary). (updated Mar 2020)
Orli Znojmo (Znojmo, Czech Republic). (updated Mar 2020)
HC Bolzano (Bolzano, Italy). (updated Mar 2020)

Czech Republic

The Czech Republic, also known as Czechia, is almost certainly the biggest ice hockey country in Central Europe, measured in the number of (men's) world championships (many of them as Czechoslovakia) and the number of registered players which is the highest outside North America. Also many European NHL stars are from the Czech Republic. Teams in the Czech Extraliga, the highest national league are:

Kometa Brno (Brno). (updated Mar 2020)
HC Olomouc (Olomouc). (updated Mar 2020)
Mountfield HK (Hradec Králové). (updated Mar 2020)
Energie Karlovy Vary (Karlovy Vary). (updated Mar 2020)
BK Mladá Boleslav (Mladá Boleslav). (updated Mar 2020)
Bílí Tygři Liberec (Liberec). (updated Mar 2020)
Verva Litvínov (Litvínov). (updated Mar 2020)
Dynamo Pardubice (Pardubice). (updated Mar 2020)
HC Škoda Plzeň (Plzeň). (updated Mar 2020)
Rytíři Kladno (Kladno). Most notable for its ownership by former NHL great Jaromír Jágr, who despite being in his early fifties still plays in home games. (updated Oct 2023)
Sparta Praha (Praha). (updated Mar 2020)
Oceláři Třinec (Třinec). (updated Mar 2020)
Vítkovice Ridera (Ostrava). (updated Mar 2020)
PSG Berani Zlín (Zlín). (updated Mar 2020)

Denmark

Denmark's top hockey league is known as Metal Ligaen, after Dansk Metal, the league's main sponsor.

Aalborg Pirates (Aalborg). (updated Mar 2020)
Esbjerg Energy (Esbjerg). (updated Mar 2020)
Fredrikshavn White Hawks (Fredrikshavn). (updated Mar 2020)
Herning Blue Fox (Herning). (updated Mar 2020)
Herlev Eagles (Herlev). (updated Mar 2020)
Odense Bulldogs (Odense). (updated Mar 2020)
Rungsted Seier Capital (Rungsted). (updated Mar 2020)
Rødovre Mighty Bulls (Rødovre). (updated Mar 2020)
SønderjyskE [sic] Ishockey (Vojens). (updated Mar 2020)

Finland

Ice hockey is one of the most popular team sports in Finland, both as a spectator sport and as a hobby. The country has the second highest percentage of registered players (1.168% of the population, second only to Canada). The highest league is Liiga, with 15 teams.

HIFK (Helsingfors Idrottsförening Kamraterna) (Helsinki). (updated Mar 2020)

HPK (Hämeenlinnan pallokerho) (Hämeenlinna). (updated Mar 2020)

Ilves (Tampere). (updated Mar 2020)

Jukurit (Mikkeli). Not to be confused with Jokerit, a Helsinki-based team that played in the Russia-based KHL until pulling out after the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. Jokerit would be readmitted to the Finnish leagues in 2024–25, initially in the second division. (updated Nov 2024)

JYP (Jyväskylän palloilijat) (Jyväskylä). (updated Mar 2020)

KalPa (Kalevalan Pallo) (Kuopio). (updated Mar 2020)

KooKoo (Kouvola). (updated Mar 2020)

Kärpät (Oulu). (updated Mar 2020)

Lukko (Rauma). (updated Mar 2020)

Pelicans (Lahti). (updated Mar 2020)

SaiPa (Saimaan Pallo) (Lappeenranta). (updated Mar 2020)

Sport (Vaasa). (updated Mar 2020)

Tappara (Tampere). (updated Mar 2020)

TPS (Turun palloseura) (Turku). (updated Mar 2020)

Ässät (Pori). (updated Mar 2020)

France

France's premier hockey league is Ligue Magnus, named after Louis Magnus, the founder of the International Ice Hockey Federation. The league was founded in 1906 (albeit with another name), making it one of the oldest in the world.

Aigles de Nice (Nice). (updated Mar 2020)
Anglet Hormandi (Anglet). (updated Mar 2020)
Boxers de Bordeaux (Bordeaux). (updated Mar 2020)
Brûleurs de Loups de Grenoble (Grenoble). (updated Mar 2020)
Chamois de Chamonix (Chamonix). (updated Mar 2020)
Diables Rouges de Briançon (Briançon). (updated Mar 2020)
Dragons de Rouen (Rouen). (updated Mar 2020)
Ducs d'Angers (Angers). (updated Mar 2020)
Gothiques d'Amiens. (updated Mar 2020)
Rapaces de Gap (Gap). (updated Mar 2020)
Scorpions de Mulhouse (Mulhouse). (updated Mar 2020)

Germany

Team sports are popular in Germany, and whereas ice hockey isn't the most popular one, the games in the top DEL (Deutsche Eishockey Liga) sees a high average attendance. Sadly baffling incompetence and corruption as well as a byzantine schedule even some fans don't fully understand in addition to relatively high ticket prices (the cheapest ticket at the local hockey rink can often cost more than the cheapest ticket at the local soccer stadium) lead to less than stellar attendance and teams folding due to financial trouble rather than on-ice issues. Teams playing in the DEL are:

Augsburger Panther (Augsburg). (updated Mar 2020)
Eisbären Berlin (Berlin). Going back to one of only two professional level teams of the GDR era, they have won 8 championships in reunified Germany. (updated Mar 2020)
Fischtown Pinguins (Bremerhaven). (updated Mar 2020)
Düsseldorfer EG (Düsseldorf). (updated Mar 2020)
ERC Ingolstadt (Ingolstadt). (updated Mar 2020)
Iserlohn Roosters (Iserlohn). (updated Mar 2020)
Kölner Haie (Cologne). (updated Mar 2020)
Krefeld Pinguine (Krefeld). (updated Mar 2020)
Adler Mannheim (Mannheim). At eight national championships they are one of Germany's most storied teams. (updated Mar 2020)
EHC Red Bull München (Munich). (updated Mar 2020)
Nuremberg Ice Tigers (Nuremberg). Long named after sponsor and benefactor Thomas Sabo who left after the 2020 season they are perhaps Germany's most storied team without a championship to their name. They are quite good at reaching the playoffs consistently but then fizzle out even more consistently. Two second place finishes in the playoffs are their biggest successes. Both the final losses and many other playoff ending losses were against the Adler Mannheim with which the team has a storied rivalry. (updated Mar 2020)
Schweeninger Wild Wings (Villingen-Schwenningen). (updated Mar 2020)
Straubing Tigers (Straubing). (updated Mar 2020)
Grizzlys Wolfsburg (Wolfsburg). (updated Mar 2020)

Italy

The Italian Serie A was merged with Inter-National League in 2016 to form the Alps Hockey League (see above).

Norway

Norway's top league is GET-ligaen.

Frisk Asker (Asker). (updated Mar 2020)
Grüner (Oslo). (updated Mar 2020)
Lillehammer (Lillehammer). (updated Mar 2020)
Manglerud Star (Oslo). (updated Mar 2020)
Narvik (Narvik). (updated Mar 2020)
Sparta Warriors (Sarpsborg). (updated Mar 2020)
Stavanger Oilers (Stavanger). (updated Mar 2020)
Stjernen (Fredrikstad). (updated Mar 2020)
Storhamar (Hamar). (updated Mar 2020)
Vålerenga (Oslo). (updated Mar 2020)

Russia (KHL)

Russia is one of the world's big ice hockey countries, one of the most successful teams in the world championships (particularly during Soviet times), and home to many NHL stars from outside North America. The top Russian league KHL (Kontinental Hockey League [sic], Континентальная хоккейная лига (КХЛ), kontinentalnaya hokkeynaya liga) not only includes teams from both Europe and Asia but also some teams from outside Russia, and is regarded as the second best in the world after the NHL.

KHL is divided into divisions like NHL, and they are named after legendary Russian players.

Bobrov division

SKA Saint Petersburg (Saint Petersburg). (updated Oct 2023)
HC Sochi (Sochi). (updated Oct 2023)
Spartak Moscow (Moscow). (updated Oct 2023)
Torpedo Nizhny Novgorod (Nizhny Novgorod). (updated Oct 2023)
Vityaz Moscow Region (Podolsk). (updated Oct 2023)

Tarasov division

CSKA Moscow (Moscow). (updated Mar 2020)
Dinamo Minsk (Minsk, Belarus). (updated Mar 2020)
Dynamo Moscow (Moscow). (updated Oct 2023)
Kunlun Red Star (Beijing, China). (updated Oct 2023)
Lokomotiv Yaroslavl (Yaroslavl). (updated Oct 2023)
Severstal Cherepovets (Cherepovets). (updated Oct 2023)

Kharlamov division

Ak Bars Kazan (Kazan). (updated Oct 2023)
Avtomobilist Yekaterinburg (Yekaterinburg). (updated Oct 2023)
Lada Togliatti (Tolyatti). (updated Oct 2023)
Metallurg Magnitogorsk (Magnitogorsk). (updated Oct 2023)
Neftekhimnik Nizhnekamsk (Nizhnekamsk). (updated Oct 2023)
Traktor Chelyabinsk (Chelyabinsk). (updated Oct 2023)

Cheryshev division

Admiral Vladivostok (Vladivostok). (updated Mar 2020)
Amur Khabarovsk (Khabarovsk). (updated Oct 2023)
Avangard Omsk (Omsk). (updated Oct 2023)
Barys Astana (Astana, Kazakhstan). (updated Oct 2023)
Salavat Yulaev Ufa (Ufa). (updated Oct 2023)
Sibir Novosibirsk (Novosibirsk). (updated Oct 2023)

Slovakia

Slovakia is another Central European country where ice hockey is a notable sport. In addition to the men's world championships as part of Czechoslovakia, the Slovak team was one of the best of the world around the turn of the millenium, winning the championship in 2002 although they've generally been less successful since. The top league is the Tipsport Liga, also known as the Extraliga, made up of the following teams:

HC Košice (Kosice). (updated Mar 2020)
HC Nové Zámky (Nové Zámky). (updated Mar 2020)
HC Slovan Bratislava (Bratislava). (updated Mar 2020)
HC '05 Banská Bystrica (Banská Bystrica). (updated Mar 2020)
HC 07 Detva (Detva). (updated Mar 2020)
HK Dukla Trenčín (Trenčín). (updated Mar 2020)
HK Nitra (Nitra). (updated Mar 2020)
HK Poprad (Poprad). (updated Mar 2020)
HKM Zvolen (Zvolen). (updated Mar 2020)
MHK 32 Liptovský Mikuláš (Liptovský Mikuláš). (updated Mar 2020)
HK Dukla Michalovce (Michalovce). (updated Mar 2020)
DVTK Jegesmedvék (Miskolc, Hungary). (updated Mar 2020)
MAC Újbuda (Budapest, Hungary). (updated Mar 2020)

Sweden

Sweden is one of the big ice hockey countries in the world, successful in world championships and Olympics as well and many European top players are Swedish. The highest league in Sweden is SHL, the Swedish Hockey League, and it is also regarded as one of the top leagues in the world. For the 2023–24 season, the teams in the SHL are:

Frölunda HC (Gothenburg). (updated Oct 2023)
Färjestad BK (Karlstad). (updated Oct 2023)
HV71 (Jönköping). (updated Oct 2023)
Leksands IF (Leksand). (updated Oct 2023)
Linköping HC (Linköping). (updated Oct 2023)
Luleå HF (Luleå). (updated Oct 2023)
Malmö Redhawks (Malmö). (updated Oct 2023)
Modo Hockey (Örnsköldsvik). (updated Oct 2023)
IF Oskarshamn (Oskarshamn). (updated Oct 2023)
Rögle BK (Ängelholm). (updated Oct 2023)
Skellefteå AIK (Skellefteå). (updated Oct 2023)
Timrå IK (Timrå, Västernorrland County). (updated Oct 2023)
Växjö Lakers (Växjö). (updated Oct 2023)
Örebro HK (Örebro). (updated Oct 2023)

Switzerland

The top Swiss league is the National League (NL). Ice hockey is a popular spectator sport in Switzerland and the average number of spectators for a NL game was almost 7,000 – among the highest in Europe. 12 teams play in the NK:

HC Ambrì-Piotta (Ambrì). (updated Mar 2020)
SC Bern (Berne). (updated Mar 2020)
EHC Biel (Biel). (updated Mar 2020)
HC Davos (Davos). (updated Mar 2020)
Fribourg-Gottéron (Fribourg). (updated Mar 2020)
Genève-Servette HC (Geneva). (updated Mar 2020)
Lausanne HC (Lausanne). (updated Mar 2020)
HC Lugano (Lugano). (updated Mar 2020)
SC Rapperswil-Jona Lakers (Rapperswil). (updated Mar 2020)
SCL Tigers (Langnau in Emmental). (updated Mar 2020)
ZSC Lions (Zürich). (updated Mar 2020)
EV Zug (Zug). (updated Mar 2020)

United Kingdom

UK's top ice hockey league is the Elite Ice Hockey League (EIHL), and it includes teams from all four nations (England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland). The United Kingdom is a backwater for ice hockey, with few top-quality players and little public interest in the sport, though its men's team won the gold medal at 1936 Winter Olympics, albeit with British-born players who grew up in Canada.

Belfast Giants (Belfast). (updated Mar 2020)
Cardiff Devils (Cardiff). (updated Mar 2020)
Coventry Blaze (Coventry). (updated Mar 2020)
Dundee Stars (Dundee). (updated Mar 2020)
Fife Flyers (Kirkcaldy). (updated Mar 2020)
Glasgow Clan (Glasgow). (updated Mar 2020)
Guildford Flames (Guildford). (updated Mar 2020)
Manchester Storm (Altrincham). (updated Mar 2020)
Nottingham Panthers (Nottingham). (updated Mar 2020)
Sheffield Steelers (Sheffield). (updated Mar 2020)

Championships

Champions Hockey League

Not to be confused with the Kontinental Hockey League referred to above, this is a championship series played between the top teams of different European leagues.

Ice hockey world championships

The yearly IIHF world championships for men, women and different youth age groups are, in the top division, usually made up of the American and Canadian national teams and the rest of the national teams come from Europe.

Teams comprise players playing professionally all over the world including the NHL. The men's championships usually take place in early to mid-May by which time the European national series as well as the KHL seasons are already finished, and players from NHL teams that haven't qualified for the Stanley Cup playoffs (or dropped out in earlier rounds) are available.

Winter Olympics

The Winter Olympics are the premier international tournament in ice hockey, and usually feature the United States, Canada, and several top European sides such as Sweden, Finland, Russia, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Players at the Winter Olympics are drawn from the top European leagues, and sometimes the NHL, subject to agreements between the NHL, the NHL Players' Union, IIHF and IOC. In women's hockey, players are also drawn from European leagues, as well as the Professional Women's Hockey League in North America. A significant number of women's international players are also drawn from North American university teams. Canada is the dominant team in international men's ice hockey, though the Soviet Union went through a period of dominance between the end of World War II and its collapse in the early 1990s, and in modern times, Sweden, Finland, the Czech Republic/Czechia, and Russia feature numerous NHL players, allowing them to provide stiff competition to the Canadians and Americans. International women's play is dominated by Canada and the US, with almost every Olympic and Worlds final featuring a Canada–USA matchup.